Guided Reading Chapter 24 PDF

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Guided Reading Chapter 24 1. Differentiate between the following terms demonstrating your knowledge by using them correctly in a sentence: a. innate immunity vs. adaptive immunity b. cytokine vs. chemokine c. cardiovascular circulatory system vs. lymphatic circulatory system d. PAMP vs. PRR Innate immunity is non-specific, first line defense of the body. Adaptive immunity is specific which is activated when an antigen is recognized by the immune system. Cytokines and chemokine are proteins which differentiate the stem cells to mature which play role in inflammation. Circulatory system of the body is made of cardiovascular system and lymphatic system. Cardiovascular system pumps he blood throughout the body via blood vessels. Lymphatic system moves lymph (excess tissue fluid) via lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. PRR is a protein located on a surface of a phagocyte. PRR recognizes PAMP from the pathogen and actives the phagocyte. 2. Observe figure 24.1 in your textbook. Describe the functional role for each of the leukocytes in the figure. Myeloid precursor develops innate immunity. It expands into two lines. First are the monocytes which mature into dendritic cell and macrophage. Dendritic cell and macrophage are phagocytes. They also present antigens to lymphocytes to activate adaptive immunity. Second are granulocytes which include neutrophils and mast cells. Neutrophils are phagocytes and they are the first respond when there is inflammation. Mast cells increase inflammation by releasing chemicals that attract more leukocytes. Lymphoid precursor develops adaptive immunity. It expands into two types. T cells are developed in bone marrow get matured in thymus gland. T cells search for infected or cancerous cells and kill them by releasing chemicals. B cell are developed and matured in bone marrow. B cells are antigen presenting cells. They also produces plasma cells which produces antibodies. 3. Differentiate between the following terms demonstrating your knowledge by using them correctly in a sentence: a. MHC I vs. MHC II b. Helper T vs. Killer T c. TH1 vs. TH2 d. B cell vs. Plasma cell e. Antigen vs. Antibody MHC 1 is located on all cell surfaces of the host. It presents the peptide form intracellular pathogens. MHC 2 is shown by antigen presenting cells and recognized by T cells.

Helper T cells secrets the cytokines that activate other immune cells and cause inflammation. Killer T cells search for tumor cells and abnormal cells and destroy them. TH1 cells activate macrophages by releasing cytokines which causes inflammation. TH2 cells use released cytokines as a signal and activate antigen-reactive B cells that produce antibodies. B cells and antigen presenting cells. B cells mature into plasma cells. Plasma cells produces antibodies specific to antigen found by the B cells. Antigen is a foreign molecule that shows the identity of a cell. Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells. They attach to specific antigens and neutralize them. 4. Observe figure 24.5 in your textbook. Make a list noting what is the same about the presentation to the TH1 and Tc cell and what is different. Now observe figure 24.7 in your textbook. Explain how the activation of the TH1 in figure 24.5 and the activation of the TH2 in figure 24.7 are similar and different. In 24.5, ANP cell presents the antigen to T cells. TH1 cells binds to MHC2-antigen complex and gets activated. Th1 cells then release cytokines which activate adaptive immune system. Tc cell bind to MHC1-antigen complex and perforates. Tc cells releases enzymes such as perforin and granzymes that kill the infected cells. In 24.7, antigen binds to antibody located on the surface of the B cell. B cell presents antigen to Th2 cell and activates it. Th2 cells release the cytokines which activate the B cell, and B cell perforate into plasma cells to make antibodies. In both mechanisms, T cells have to bind to antigen presenting cells by attaching to MHCs to activates themselves. 5. Compare and contrast IgA, IgE, IgG, and IgM antibody types. Explain two different ways that antibodies and complement proteins can protect us from pathogens. IgA is in body fluids like serum, mucus, saliva and tears. It is secondary response and it has two antigen binding sites. IgE is in blood and lymph and responsible for allergic reaction. It binds to mast cells. It also has two binding sites. IgG has two binding sites, and it is found in extracellular fluids like blood and lymph. It is a major circulating antibody and shows secondary response. IgM has ten antigen binding sites, so it is very effective to antigens even in low concentration. It is found in blood and lymph, and it has primary response. Antibody binds to antigen located on the surface of the antigen and prevents it binding to host cells or other surfaces. Binding makes antibody-antigen complex which attracts the phagocytes. Antibody-antigen complex is then engulfed by phagocytic cells eliminating the antigen and extracellular pathogens. Complement is a group of proteins that attach to the antibodies IgM and IgG bound to the pathogen. Activated complement form a pore in the cell membrane of the pathogen and lyses it. Complement also attracts the phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages which causes opsonization and inflammation.

6. Inflammation is the hallmark of an active immune response. Explain how inflammation is triggered by both the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Are the inflammatory cells the same for both methods of activation? Why does inflammation subside as an infection is controlled? Explain the dangers of inflammation becoming systemic. 7. Differentiate between the following terms demonstrating your knowledge by using them correctly in a sentence: a. natural active immunity vs. artificial active immunity b. natural passive immunity vs. artificial passive immunity c. killed / inactivated vaccine vs. attenuated vaccine d. toxoid vaccine vs. synthetic vaccine 8. Observe figure 24.15 from your textbook. Review the immunization recommendations for individuals in your age group. How do these artificial active immunizations benefit you as the immunized individual and the population as a whole? 9. Compare and contrast Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV hypersensitivity reactions. Describe two examples of each type of hypersensitivity. 10. Define superantigen. Compare and contrast normal activation of a T cell and superantigen activation of a T cell. Note the binding sites of superantigen on the T cell and antigen presenting cell. Are superantigen reactions desirable for the host? Do they confer protection for the host or do they benefit the pathogen? Explain....