An Introduction of Physical Science 13th Edition PDF

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Summary

Periodic Table of the Elements (based on 126 C = 12.0000) Representative Representative Elements 14 Atomic number Elements 1* Si Silicon Symbol Name 18 1A 28.086 Atomic mass 8A 1 2 1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He Hydrogen Helium 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be Transition Metals B Bor...

Description

Periodic Table of the Elements (based on 126 C = 12.0000) Representative Elements

Si

1* 1A

Representative Elements

Atomic number Symbol Name Atomic mass

14

Silicon 28.086

18 8A

1

1

H

Hydrogen 1.008 3

2

Li

Lithium 6.941 11

3

4

Na

6

7

18.998

20.180

16

17

12.011

14.007

13

14

15

Ca Calcium

Sc

40.078

Scandium 44.956

38

39

Sr

Y

Rubidium 85.468

Strontium 87.62

Yttrium 88.906

55

56

57

Ba

Barium 137.327

Lanthanum 138.91

87

88

89

Ra

Radium (226)

Ac

Actinium (227)

4 4B

5 5B

6 6B

7 7B

8

9 8B

10

11 1B

12 2B

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Ti Titanium

V Vanadium

Cr Mn Fe Chromium Manganese Iron

47.88

50.942

51.996

54.938

40

41

42

43

32.066

35.453

39.948

33

34

35

58.693

63.546

65.39

69.723

72.61

46

47

48

49

50

Pd Ag Palladium Silver

(98)

101.07

102.906

106.42

75

76

Re Osmium Os Rhenium

77

Ir Iridium

78

Pt Platinum

Au Gold

74.922

78.96

79.904

83.80

51

52

53

I Iodine

Xe Xenon

107.868

112.411

114.82

118.710

121.757

127.60

126.904

131.29

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

Hg

180.948

183.85

186.207

190.2

192.22

195.08

196.967

Mercury 200.59

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

Rg

Cn

*The 1–18 group designation has been recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) but is not widely used. In this book, we refer to the standard U.S. notation for group numbers (1A–8A and 1B−8B).

86

Tl Thallium

Pb Lead

Bi Bismuth

Po Polonium

At Astaline

Rn Radon

204.383

207.2

208.980

(209)

(210)

(222)

113

114

115

116

117

118

Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo

Meitnerium DarmstadtiumRoentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium (278) (281) (281) (285) (286) 289 (289) (291) 294 (294)

Inner Transition Metals An atomic mass given in parentheses is the mass number of the isotope of the longest half-life for that element.

54

Te Tellurium

104

Ds

Kr Krypton

Sb Antimony

178.49

Mt

Br Bromine

Sn Tin

W Tungsten

Hs

36

Se Selenium

In Indium

Ta Tantalum

Hassium (277)

Ge Arsenic As Germanium

Cd Cadmium

Hf Hafnium

Bh

30.974

32

45

74

Bohrium (274)

28.086

31

58.933

95.94

Sg

26.982

44

73

Seaborgium (271)

Ar Argon

55.847

92.906

Db

Cl Chlorine

Ga Gallium

Mo Tc Ru Rhodium Rh Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium

Dubnium (270)

S Sulfur

Zn Zinc

72

Rf

P Phosphorus

Cu Copper

91.224

Rutherfordium (267)

Si Silicon

Ni Nickel

Nb Niobium

18

Al Aluminum

Co Cobalt

Zr Zirconium

La

Cesium 132.905

Fr

15.999

10.811

21

Francium (223)

Ne Neon

12

Mg

10

F Fluorine

9.012

Transition Metals

Helium 4.003

9

8

O Oxygen

20

Cs

7

He

17 7A

N Nitrogen

Magnesium 24.305

Rb

6

16 6A

C Carbon

19

Potassium 39.098

15 5A

B Boron

Sodium 22.990

K

14 4A

5

4

Be Berylium

3 3B

37

5

2

13 3A

2 2A

Metals

Nonmetals

Lanthanide series 58

Ce

Cerium 140.115 90

Th

Thorium 232.038

59

60

61

Pr

Nd

Pm

140.908

144.24

91

92

Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium

Pa

Protactinium 231.036

Actinide series

U

Uranium 238.029

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

(145)

Samarium 150.36

Europium 151.965

Gadolinium 157.25

Terbium 158.925

Dysprosium 162.50

Holmium 164.930

Erbium 167.26

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

Np

Neptunium (237)

Pu

Plutonium (244)

Am Cm Curium

Americium (243)

(247)

Bk

Berkelium (247)

Cf

Californium (251)

Es

Einsteinium (252)

Fm

Fermium (257)

69

Tm Thulium 168.934 101

Md

Mendelevium (258)

70

Yb

Ytterbium 173.04 102

No

Nobelium (259)

71

Lu

Lutetium 174.967 103

Lr

Lawrencium (262)

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AN INTRODUCTION TO

Physical Science Thirteenth Edition

In memory of James T. Shipman, founding co-author, colleague, and friend. J. D. W. and C. A. H.

SHIPMAN • WILSON • HIGGINS

AN INTRODUCTION TO

Physical Science Thirteenth Edition

JAMES T. SHIPMAN Ohio University

JERRY D. WILSON Lander University

CHARLES A. HIGGINS, Jr.

Middle Tennessee State University

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

An Introduction to Physical Science, Thirteenth Edition James T. Shipman Jerry D. Wilson Charles A. Higgins, Jr. Publisher, Physical Sciences: Mary Finch Publisher, Physics and Astronomy: Charles Hartford Development Editors: Brandi Kirksey, Margaret Pinette Editorial Assistant: Brendan Killion Senior Media Editor: Rebecca Berardy Schwartz Marketing Manager: Jack Cooney

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2011937665 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-1-133-10409-4 ISBN-10: 1-133-10409-6 Paper Edition: ISBN-13: 978-1-133-10909-9 ISBN-10: 1-133-10909-8 Instructor’s Edition: ISBN-13: 978-1-133-10933-4 ISBN-10: 1-133-10933-0 Brooks/Cole 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local office at international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Instructors: Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to access instructorspecific resources.

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11

Brief Contents Chapter 1  Measurement  Chapter 2  Motion 

1

26

Chapter 3  Force and Motion 

49

Chapter 4  Work and Energy 

78

Chapter 5  Temperature and Heat  Chapter 6  Waves and Sound 

104

134

Chapter 7  Optics and Wave Effects 

158

Chapter 8  Electricity and Magnetism  Chapter 9  Atomic Physics 

192

227

Chapter 10 Nuclear Physics 

256

Chapter 11 The Chemical Elements  Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding 

323

Chapter 13 Chemical Reactions 

353

Chapter 14 Organic Chemistry  Chapter 15 Place and Time 

296

384

415

Chapter 16 The Solar System 

444

Chapter 17 Moons and Smaller Solar System Bodies  Chapter 18 The Universe 

507

Chapter 19 The Atmosphere 

542

Chapter 20 Atmospheric Effects 

575

Chapter 21 Structural Geology and Plate Tectonics  Chapter 22 Minerals, Rocks, and Volcanoes  Chapter 23 Surface Processes  Chapter 24 Geologic Time 

477

610

640

672

698 v

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Contents Preface 

●

CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Float the Boat  65  3.7   Momentum  66 ● HIGHLIGHT  Surface Tension, Water Striders, and Soap Bubbles  67

xii

  Chapter 1   Measurement 

1

 1.1   The Physical Sciences  2  1.2   Scientific Investigation  4  1.3   The Senses  5 ● HIGHLIGHT  The “Face” on Mars  5  1.4   Standard Units and Systems of Units  6 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Time and Time Again  10  1.5   More on the Metric System  12  1.6   Derived Units and Conversion Factors  15 ● HIGHLIGHT Is Unit Conversion Important? It Sure Is.  19  1.7   Significant Figures  19 Key Terms 21,  Matching 22,  Multiple Choice 22,  Fill In The Blank 22,  Short Answer 23,  Visual Connection 23,  Applying Your Knowledge 24,  Important Equation 24,  Exercises 24

●

ON THE WEB  25

  Chapter 2   Motion 

26

 2.1   Defining Motion  27  2.2   Speed and Velocity  27  2.3   Acceleration  32 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Putting the Pedal to the Metal  35 ● HIGHLIGHT  Galileo and the Leaning Tower of Pisa  36 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  And the Winner Is . . .  38  2.4   Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion  39  2.5   Projectile Motion  41 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Hanging in There  42 Key Terms 44,  Matching 44,  Multiple Choice 44,  Fill In The Blank 45,  Short Answer 45,  Visual Connection 46,  Applying Your Knowledge 46,  Important Equations 47,  Exercises 47

●

ON THE WEB  48

  Chapter 3   Force and Motion 

49

 3.1   Force and Net Force  50  3.2   Newton’s First Law of Motion  51 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  You Go Your Way, I’ll Go Mine  53  3.3   Newton’s Second Law of Motion  54 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Fundamental is Fundamental  57  3.4   Newton’s Third Law of Motion  59  3.5   Newton’s Law of Gravitation  60 ● HIGHLIGHT  The Automobile Air Bag  61 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  A Lot of Mass  63  3.6   Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy  64

Key Terms 72,  Matching 72,  Multiple Choice 72,  Fill In The Blank 73,  Short Answer 73,  Visual Connection 74,  Applying Your Knowledge 75,  Important Equations 75,  Exercises 76

●

ON THE WEB  77

  Chapter 4   Work and Energy 

78

 4.1   Work  79  4.2   Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy  81 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Double Zero  85  4.3   Conservation of Energy  85 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  The Race Is On  87  4.4   Power  88 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Payment for Power  91  4.5   Forms of Energy and Consumption  91 ● HIGHLIGHT  Ice That Burns  93  4.6   Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources  94 ● HIGHLIGHT  Hybrids and Hydrogen  98 Key Terms 99,  Matching 99,  Multiple Choice 99,  Fill In The Blank 100,  Short Answer 100,  Visual Connection 101,  Applying Your Knowledge 102,  Important Equations 102,  Exercises 102

●

ON THE WEB  103

  Chapter 5   Temperature and Heat 

104

 5.1   Temperature  105 CONCEPTUAL Q&A  The Easy Approximation  108  5.2   Heat  109 ● HIGHLIGHT  Freezing from the Top Down  110  5.3   Specific Heat and Latent Heat  111 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Under Pressure  117  5.4   Heat Transfer  117 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Hug the Rug  118  5.5   Phases of Matter  120  5.6   The Kinetic Theory of Gases  121 ● HIGHLIGHT  Hot Gases: Aerosol Cans and Popcorn  125  5.7   Thermodynamics  125 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Common Descriptions  127 ●

Key Terms 129,  Matching 129,  Multiple Choice 129,  Fill In The Blank 130,  Short Answer 130,  Visual Connection 132,  Applying Your Knowledge 132,  Important Equations 132,  Exercises 132

●

ON THE WEB  133

vii

viii     Table of Contents

  Chapter 6   Waves and Sound 

8.5   Electromagnetism  215 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  No Transformation  219

134

 6.1   Waves and Energy Propagation  135  6.2   Wave Properties  136  6.3   Light Waves  139  6.4   Sound Waves  141 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  A Tree Fell  144 ● HIGHLIGHT  Noise Exposure Limits  145  6.5   The Doppler Effect  147 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Faster Than Sound  148  6.6   Standing Waves and Resonance  150 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  It Can Be Shattering  152

Key Terms 222,  Matching 222,  Multiple Choice 222,  Fill In The Blank 223,  Short Answer 223,  Visual Connection 224,  Applying Your Knowledge 225,  Important Equations 225,  Exercises 225

●

ON THE WEB  157

  Chapter 7   Optics and Wave Effects 

158

 7.1   Reflection  159 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  No Can See  160 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Nighttime Mirror  161  7.2   Refraction and Dispersion  162 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Twinkle, Twinkle  164 ● HIGHLIGHT  The Rainbow: Dispersion and Internal Reflection  170  7.3   Spherical Mirrors  171 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Up and Down  175  7.4   Lenses  175 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Right Side Up from Upside Down  179  7.5   Polarization  180  7.6   Diffraction and Interference  182 ● HIGHLIGHT  Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)  183 Key Terms 187,  Matching 188,  Multiple Choice 188,  Fill In The Blank 189,  Short Answer 189,  Visual Connection 190,  Applying Your Knowledge 190,  Important Equations 191,  Exercises 191

●

ON THE WEB  226

 Chapter 9   Atomic Physics 

Key Terms 153,  Matching 154,  Multiple Choice 154,  Fill In The Blank 155,  Short Answer 155,  Visual Connection 156,  Applying Your Knowledge 156,  Important Equations 157,  Exercises 157

●

ON THE WEB  191

  Chapter 8   Electricity and Magnetism 

192

 8.1   Electric Charge, Electric Force, and Electric Field  193 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Defying Gravity  195  8.2   Current, Voltage, and Electrical Power  197  8.3   Simple Electric Circuits and Electrical Safety  202 ● HIGHLIGHT  United States and Europe: Different Voltages  203 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Series or Parallel  205 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  More Resistance, More Current  206  8.4   Magnetism  208 ● HIGHLIGHT  Electrical Effects on Humans  209 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Coin Magnet  213 ● HIGHLIGHT  Magnetic North Pole  215

227

 9.1   Early Concepts of the Atom  228  9.2   The Dual Nature of Light  229 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Step Right Up  231 ● HIGHLIGHT  Albert Einstein  233  9.3   Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom  234  9.4   Microwave Ovens, X-Rays, and Lasers  241 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  Can’t Get Through  242 ● HIGHLIGHT  X-Ray CAT Scan and MRI  243  9.5   Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle  245  9.6   Matter Waves  246 ● CONCEPTUAL Q&A  A Bit Too Small  247 ● HIGHLIGHT  Electron Microscopes  248  9.7   The Electron Cloud Model of the Atom  250 Key Terms 252,  Matching 252,  Multiple Choice 252,  Fill In The Blank 253,  Short Answer 253,  Visual Connection 254,  Applying Your Knowledge 254,  Important Equations 255,  Exercises 255

●

ON THE WEB  255

  Chapter 10   Nuclear Physics 

256

 10.1...