Anaerobic system contributions to sprint events PDF

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Literature review on the effect of the anaerobic energy system on different sprinting events in athletics (100m and 400m)...

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Alex Ford, C3259326, EXSS2010 Anaerobic system contributions to the 100m and 400m sprint The anaerobic system is the main energy system of the human body that works to satisfy the energy requirements of the muscles over short durations. The anaerobic system is divided into alactic and lactic components (Gastin, 2001). The adenosine triphosphate phosphocreatine (ATP-PC) system provides the most immediate form of energy (through hydrolysis of ATP), and is primarily used for short bursts of maximum intensity efforts (Cahill, Misner & Boileau, 1997; Twist, 2005). The glycolytic system is used for longer intensity efforts (30-120 seconds) and relies on muscle glycogen and blood glucose as the main source of energy (Cahill et al., 1997; Twist 2005). This review aims to investigate the anaerobic contributions to the 100m and the 400m sprint and the how they differ between a short sprint event and a longer sprint event. 100m SPRINT: The 100m sprint is an event characterised as a maximal intensity anaerobic activity, lasting for a short duration (10-12 seconds). Perronet and Thibault (1989) and Ward-Smith (1985) used mathematical analysis to show that the anaerobic contributions to a 100m sprint is 92-93%. In contrast, Duffield, Dawson and Goodman (2004) used two laboratory measures, accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) and blood lactate concentration (La/PCr), through estimating phosphocreatine degradation, to determine the anaerobic contributions. The results from the AOD showed a slight deviation from the results obtained from the mathematical models; while the results obtained from the La/PCr showed a strong correlation. The anaerobic contributions obtained from the AOD was between 75-79%, compared to 92-93% obtained from the mathematical model (Duffield et at., 2004; Perronet & Thibault, 1989; Ward-Smith, 1985). The anaerobic contributions obtained from La/PCr was between 89-91%, which showed similar values to the results obtained from Perronet and Thibault and Ward-Smith’s mathematical model (Duffield et al., 2004; Perronet & Thibault 1989; Ward-Smith, 1985). However, Luhtanen, Rahkilia and Rusko (1990) found that the application of the AOD can underestimate the anaerobic contribution due to the changes in the mechanical efficiency of running as intensity increases. Therefore, it can be shown that the anaerobic contributions to the 100m sprint are significant and is the main energy system that the body utilises when competing in maximum intensity, short duration exercises. 400m SPRINT: The 400m sprint is an anaerobic endurance event lasting from 45 to 70 seconds, depending on the level of the athlete.

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Alex Ford, C3259326, EXSS2010 Zouhal et al,. (2010) measured the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2) and calculated anaerobic energy expenditure using the AOD method of six 400m runners to investigate the anaerobic contributions to a 400m sprint. The runners conducted a 400m race on a synthetic track (times ranged from 50-53 seconds) and results showed that anaerobic contributions to the 400m was 62.5% (Zouhal et al., 2010). Spencer and Gastin (2001) used supramaximal testing on a treadmill to simulate a 400m sprint (average time was 47 seconds) and then measured the AOD of highly trained athletes to determine the anaerobic contributions. Spencer and Gastin (2001) found that the anaerobic system contributed 57% to a 400m sprint. The results obtained from the two studies are similar although by using two different environments, an outdoor synthetic track and an indoor treadmill, the results may be affected by other variables (for example, treadmill running speed and temperature).

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE 100M AND 400M SPRINT: The differences between the anaerobic contributions of the 100m and 400m sprint are due to the varied durations and intensities of the events. It was also concluded that athletes who are either sprint-trained (anaerobic) or endurance-trained (aerobic) will find the contributions of their relative energy systems to be different. Using a 400m exhaustive treadmill run (simulating a 400m sprint), the anaerobic contributions of a sprint-trained athlete was 5663% compared to 50-54% of endurance-trained athlete (Medbo & Sejersted, 1985; Nummela & Rusko, 1995). Furthermore, this shows that the type of training an athlete undertakes can influence anaerobic capacity and the rate at which an athlete can supply ATP to the muscles, which therefore has a significant influence on the power output and hence the velocity maintained during 100m and 400m sprint (Zouhal et al., 2010).

In conclusion, the anaerobic system supplies the most energy to the working muscles in short and longer sprint events (I.e. the 100m and the 400m sprint). The contribution of the anaerobic system will be dependent on the duration, intensity and mode of exercise. Differences between anaerobic contribution varies between each individual due to the level (trained or untrained) of the athlete. However, as the distance of the event increases, the anaerobic metabolic supply decreases exponentially and the process of oxidative metabolism (aerobic system) increases. Limitations include the mathematical models are only theoretical and don’t consider individual variability and other factors and studies that used treadmills to simulate the 400m sprint does not provide the natural environment the athlete would be running in (i.e. a synthetic track). Future prospects for research include investigating the individual ATP-PC and glycolytic system contributions to sprint events.

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Alex Ford, C3259326, EXSS2010 References: 1. Cahill, B., Misner, J., & Boileau, R. (1997). The Clinical Importance of the Anaerobic Energy System and Its Assessment in Human Performance. The American Journal Of Sports Medicine, 25(6), 863-872 2. Duffield, R., Dawson, B., & Goodman, C. (2004). Energy system contribution to 100m and 200-m track running events. Journal Of Science And Medicine In Sport, 7(3), 302-313. 3. Gastin, P. (2001). Energy System Interaction and Relative Contribution During Maximal Exercise. Sports Medicine, 31(10), 725-741. 4. Luhtanen P., Rahkilia P., Rusko H. (1990). Mechanical work and efficiency in treadmill running at aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. Acta Physiol Scand, 139, 153159. 5. Medbo, J., & Sejersted, O. (1985). Acid-base and electrolyte balance after exhausting exercise in endurance-trained and sprint-trained subjects. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 125(1), 97-109. 6. Nummela, A., & Rusko, H. (1995). Time Course of Anaerobic and Aerobic Energy Expenditure During Short-Term Exhaustive Running in Athletes. International Journal Of Sports Medicine, 16(08), 522-527. 7. Peronnet F and Thibault G. (1989). Mathematical analysis of running performance and world records. J App Physiol. 67(1), 453-465. 8. Spencer, M., & Gastin, P. (2001). Energy system contribution during 200- to 1500-m running in highly trained athletes. Medicine And Science In Sports And Exercise, 157-162. 9. Twist, P. (2005). Anaerobic sport conditioning. Fitness Trainer, 6(5), 22-24. 10. Ward-Smith, A. (1985). A mathematical theory of running, based on the first law of thermodynamics, and its application to the performance of world-class athletes. Journal Of Biomechanics, 18(5), 337-349. 11. Zouhal, H., Jabbour, G., Jacob, C., Duvigneau, D., Botcazou, M., & Ben Abderrahaman, A. et al. (2010). Anaerobic and Aerobic Energy System Contribution to 400-m Flat and 400-m Hurdles Track Running. Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research, 24(9), 2309-2315.

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