Anatomy group assignment PDF

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That is an assignment for Human Anatomy...

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1. INTRODUCTION SKIN DEFINITION It is a layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body, consisting of the two layers: the superficial layer called the epidermis which is made up of the stratified squamous epithelium and it consist of the accessory structures of the skin include hair, nails, sweat glands and the sebaceous glands. However, this accessory structures can extend down through the dermis into the hypodermis. The other layer is the deeper layer called dermis made up of connective tissue.

In this assignment first will classify the skin based on the structural level of organization of the body, we will present the diagram showing different layers of the skin, we will also explain the structural basic of the skin color. Based on the structure of the skin we will discuss why the skin is considered as a very important sensory structure of the body. We will also elaborate or tackle on the secretion from the following glands: sudoriferous gland, sebaceous gland and the ceremonious gland. We will list the parts on the human body where hair is absent and draw and label the diagram indicating the dorsal view of the nail and lastly we will present the conclusion.

2. BODY 2.1 Classify the skin based on the structural levels of organization of the body Level 1: the chemical level Whereby two or more atoms are joined together. The skin consist of Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Nitrogen.

Level 2: cellular level Molecules combine to form cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. The skin consist of keratin to protect itself from damage. Columnar cells found in the stratum basale. Keratinocytes that are formed during mitotic division and they are part of the epidermis. The epidermis also consist of the nonkeratinocytes including melanocytes, dendritic cells of the Langerhans.

Level 3: tissue level Groups of cells that work together to perform a particular task. The skin consist of the epithelial tissue, connective tissue consisting of the capillary loops, tactile corpuscles, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, adipose tissue and plexuses of the nerve fibers in the dermis.

Level 4: organ level Different types tissue join together to perform different functions. The skin is an organ and is the largest organ of the body. The skin has seven layers to guard the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and the internal organs. The skin stimulate the sweat gland to cool down the body during hot

temperature and stimulate the muscle to shiver when the temperature is low meaning the heat is reduced.

Level 5: system level A system consist of the related organs with a common function. The skin is part of the integumentary system which consist of the hair, skin and nails. The function of this system is to act as a barrier to protect the body from harsh environment. Other functions include eliminating waste products, regulating body temperature and retaining body fluids.

2.2 draw a labelled diagram showing different layers f the skin

2.3Explain the structural basis of the skin color 2.3.1 Epidermis Epidermis consist of the stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium. There are five layers, from deep to the superficial and these are:

 Stratum basale Is the deepest basal layer of the epidermis. It is made up of a single layer of columnar cells that rest on the basal lamina. These cells undergo the mitotic and give off cell called keratinizing, which form the more superficial layers of the epidermis

 Stratum spinosum It consist of the several layers of polygonal keratinocytes. These cells appear to have spines. That’s why this layer is called the stratum spinosum.

 Stratum lucidum This layer appears clear, homogenous, with distinct cell boundaries.

 Stratum corneum It is the most superficial layer of the epidermis. The cell or corneocytes are dead. These have lost their nuclei and organelles. These cells are extremely flattened these cells contain keratin. They are held together by a layer of lipid, which makes the layer ‘waterproof’.

2.3.2 Dermis This layer is made up of connective tissue. These are capillary loops, tactile corpuscles, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, adipose tissue and plexuses of the nerve fibers in the dermis. Melanocytes are derived from the melanoblasts that arise from the neural crest. They may be present in the deep germinative layer or at the junction of the epidermis and dermis. These cells are responsible for the synthesis of the pigment melanin which imparts skin its color. The number of the melanocytes is relatively constant, so the difference in color depend on the amount of melanin present in the skin. The pigment is more prominent in the dark skinned individuals. The color of the skin is influenced by the amount of melanin present. It is also influenced by some other pigments present in the epidermis, and by the pigments hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin present in the blood circulating through the skin. The epidermis is sufficiently translucent for the color of blood too show through, especially in light-skinned individuals. That is why the skin becomes pale in anemia, blue when oxygen is lacking and pink while blushing.

2.4 discuss why the skin is considered as a very important sensory structure of the body The skin is the largest organ of the human body and it houses receptors that sense.

 The skin provide the mechanical protection to the underlying tissues. In this connection, we have noted that the skin is the thickest over areas exposed to the greater friction.  The skin also act as a physical barrier against entry of microorganisms and other substances. However the skin is not a perfect barrier and some substances both useful (example ointment) and harmful (example poisons), may enter the body through the skin.  The skin prevents loss of water from the body. The importance of this function is seen in people who have lost extensive areas of the skin through burns. One important cause of death in such cases is water loss.  The pigment present in the epidermis protects tissues against harmful effects of light (especially the ultraviolet light). Some degree exposure to sunlight is essential for synthesis of vitamin D.  The skin offer protection against damage of tissues by chemicals, by heat and by osmotic influences.  The skin contain receptors for touch and related sensations. The presence of relatively spare and short hair over most of the skin increases its sensitivity.  The skin regulate the body temperature. Blood flow through the capillaries of the skin can be controlled by numerous artiovenous anastomoses present in it. In cold weather blood flow through the capillaries is kept to a minimum to prevent heat loss. In warm condition the flow of blood increase to promote healing.

2.5 Identify the secretions from the following glands

2.5.1 Sudoriferous gland: Sweat 2.5.2 Sebaceous gland: Sebum 2.5.3 Ceruminous gland: Ceruman

2.6 list the sites on the human body where hair is absent    

soles of the feet palm of the hand inside the mouth eyes

2.7 Draw a labelled diagram indicating the dorsal nail.

ANATOMY GROUP ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: SKIN MODULE: ANATOMY (NAB3551) DATE: 27 APRIL 2018 GROUP MEMBERS: Shavuka Sussan-2018213775 Victor Frieda- 2018204392 Kafidi Iyaloo- 2018208388 Shounyuni Justina- 2018202279 Sylvia Michael- 2018219584 Christy Haiduwa- 201893798 Tandeus Anna- 2018202349 Moshana Iyaloo- 2018180370 Nghipondoka Merian- 2018207629 Muharukua Rapeuovangu- 2018241377 (0814357341)

Conclusion

To analyze the main idea in our assignment, the skin is the largest body organ which is made of three main layers. Which are also made up of the sub layers making the skin to have seven layers in total. The skin contribute the important function to the body which are as follow: it is the important mechanical support to the body, acts as a physical barrier against entry of microorganisms and other substances. It also prevent the loss of water from the body. We learned that the skin plays a major role in protecting the inner tissue, we learned that the skin can be classified on the structural organization levels of the body. We have learned that the skin is composed of different layers for example the epidermis which is the superficial layer. Problems we have experienced as a group is that there was miscommunication and not listening to one another. Work was not divided equally among the group which left some members under pressure closer toward the due date. We solved this problems by improving communication by creating a WhatsApp group on which we all communicated about the assignment. Toward the end we all contributed ideas to give in the best possible assignment.

REFERENCES Ashalatha, P.R., & Deepa , G., (2015) anatomy & physiology for nurses (1st & 4th edi.). New Delhi, philadelphhia , Panama, London: The Health Sciences Publishers. Function of the skin. (n.d.) retrieved 20 April 2018 from http://m.ivyrose.com/HumanBody/Skin/Functions.of.the.skin.php. Tortora, G, J., & Grobowsking , S,R., (1993) principles of anatomy and physiology. Harper Collins college publisher...