Anatomy lab 6 - homework PDF

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Lab #6: Brain and Cranial Nerves Materials  Brain and brain ventricles models  Video: “The Human Nervous System: The Brain & Cranial Nerves” (Vines & Carter) Objectives 1. Identify the regions of the brain on models and diagrams, and list their function. Structure Function(s) initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature. Cerebrum Cerebellum

important for making postural adjustments in order to maintain balance.

Diencephalon Brainstem

coordinating with the endocrine system to release hormones, relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulating circadian rhythms (the sleep wake cycle). Regulation of certain involuntary actions of the body, including heartbeat and breathing.

Identify the indicated structures of the cerebral hemispheres on models and diagrams, and list the function of each. Structure Function(s) separates the two cerebral hemispheres Longitudinal fissure Transverse fissure Sulci (sulcus) Central sulcus Lateral sulcus Gyri (gyrus):

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. help to increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex and form brain divisions. connects the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe. divides both the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below to increase the surface area of the cerebral hemispheres.

Precentral

controls volitional movements of the contralateral side of the body.

Postcentral

constitutes the somatosensory cortex

gyrus gyrus Frontal Parietal Lobes

Temporal Occipital Insula

important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions vital for sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell Plays an important role in processing affect/emotions, language, and certain aspects of visual perception primarily responsible for vision. It plays a role in a variety of homeostatic functions related to basic survival needs, such as taste, visceral sensation, and autonomic control

Identify the structures associated with the brain on diagrams and models, and list the function of each. Structure Function(s) surrounds and supports the large venous channels (dural sinuses) Dura mater carrying blood from the brain toward the heart to carry waste and fluids away from the brain Superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebri Subdural space (figure only) Arachnoid mater (figure only) Arachnoid villi (arachnoid granulations) Subarachnoid space (figure only) Pia mater (figure only)

to constrain the brain and limit displacement and rotation inside the cranium

helps protect the brain and spinal cord from sudden impact. act as one-way valves for the flow of CSF into venous blood Allows the flow of CSF acts as a barrier and aids in the production of cerebrospinal fluid

Identify the cerebral functional areas of the brain on models and diagrams, and state the function of each. Functional Area/Cortex Function(s) to generate signals to direct the movement of the body Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Prefrontal cortex Broca’s (Motor speech) area Primary somatic sensory/ primary somatosensory cortex Somatic sensory association / somatosensory association cortex Primary auditory cortex

to assist in integration of sensory and motor information for the performance of an action performs functions of cognitive control regulates breathing patterns while speaking and vocalizations required for normal speech plays a critical role in processing afferent somatosensory input and contributes to the integration of sensory and motor signals necessary for skilled movement responsible for receiving and processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain plays a critical role in our ability to perceive sound.

Primary visual cortex

It is responsible for processing acoustic (sound) signals that the brain interprets as sounds, speech or music to receive, segment, and integrate visual information.

Visual association cortex

Complex processing of visual information

Auditory association cortex

Wernicke’s area

Language comprehension

& related structures CEREBRUM

Identify the major structures of the brain and their features on models and diagrams, and state the function of each. Major Structure Function(s) receives neural input about odors Olfactory bulb detected by cells in the nasal cavity to connect the olfactory bulb to Olfactory tract multiple areas within the center of the brain. It transmits sensory information for Optic nerve vision in the form of electrical impulses from the eye to the brain. Transmit visual information from the Optic chiasm (optic chiasma) optic nerves to the occipital lobes of the brain primarily conveys visual information Optic tract from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nuclei ensures both sides of the brain can Corpus callosum communicate and send signals to each other acts as a partition between a portion Septum pellucidum of the lateral ventricles Plays a key role in cognition and Fornix episodic memory recall Motor control Basal (lentiform & caudate) nuclei

DIENCEPHALON &

Lateral ventricles with choroid plexus

Thalamus

Intermediate mass (interthalamic adhesion) 3rd ventricle with choroid plexus Infundibulum

Hypothalamu s

Pituitary gland Mammillary bodies

to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via the ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain involved in visceral control of the body and maintenance of overall homeostasis produce, secrete and convey cerebrospinal fluid It allows for hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to be sent to the posterior pituitary for release into the bloodstream which makes and sends other important hormones around the bod recollective memory

related structures

Epithalamus

Pineal body

receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin

structuresCEREBELLUM

& related

related structures BRAINSTEM &

Cerebral peduncle

Midbrain

Corpora quadrigemina: superior colliculi inferior colliculi cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)

Pons Medulla oblongata

Pyramids

Arbor vitae

Folia

Vermis

assist in refining motor movements, learning of new motor skills, and converting proprioceptive information into balance and posture maintenance functions in visual attention, visually tracking moving objects, and such reflexes as blinking, focusing, pupillary dilation and constriction, and turning the eyes and head in response to a visual stimulus allows for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to flow between the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle responsible for the production of the cerebrospinal fluid consist mainly of tubules that transport urine from the cortical, or outer, part of the kidney, where urine is produced, to the calyces, or cup-shaped cavities in which urine collects before it passes through the ureter to the bladder It brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum increase the surface area and thereby accommodate an increase in cell number, which in turn facilitated the acquisition of more complex functional circuits associated with the ability to maintain upright posture.

2. Identify the twelve cranial nerves on models and diagrams. State the general function

and give examples of specific functions for each cranial nerve. Specific General # Name Function Functions

Origin / Destination

Sensory

Orbitofrontal

I

Olfactory

Smell

II

Optic

Sensory

Vision

III

Oculomotor

Motor

Eye movements, change lens shape to focus objects, pupil size

IV

Trochlear

Motor

Eye movements

V

Trigeminal

Mixed

Sensation from face, nose, mouth Motor to chewing muscles

VI

Abducens

Motor

Eye movements

VII

Facial

Mixed

Sensory from anterior taste buds Motor to muscles of facial expression

VII I

Vestibulocochlear

Sensory

Balance and hearing

Mixed

Sensory from posterior taste buds, and blood pressure receptors in carotid arteries Motor for swallowing & salivation

IX

Glossopharyngeal

X

Vagus

XI

Accessory

XII

Hypoglossal

Sensory & motor, from & to thoracic & abdominal viscera; Mixed (motor- autonomic parasympathetic fibers regulate digestion & heart rate) Muscles of neck & upper back The Motor (trapezius & sternocleiomastoid) Motor

Tongue movements

cortex, optic chiasm superior orbital fissure trochlea muscles of mastication the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. lateral rectus muscle. emerges from the lateral surface of brainstem The pons originates from the medulla oblo ngata and terminates in the pharynx arises from the fourth branchial arch the upper spinal cord Hypoglossal nucleus in medulla oblongata

WHAT NERVES This number drawing should help you remember the twelve cranial nerves. Beneath the drawing are listed the nerves that correspond with the numbers in the picture and some of the actions or sensations controlled by those nerves.

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.

Olfactory (1) -- smell Optic (2) -- vision Oculomotor (3) -- iris (pupil size) and eye movements Trochlear (4) -- eye movements Trigeminal (5) -- upper and lower mouth and teeth, forehead, anterior half of scalp Abducens (6) -- eye movement (lateral) Facial (7) -- facial expression, anterior tongue taste buds, parotid salivary glands Vestibulocochlear (8) -- hearing, balance Glossopharyngeal (9) -- taste buds on posterior part of tongue, throat sensations, salivary glands (submandibular and sublingual), tongue movements X. Vagus (10) -- swallowing, vocal cords, goes to abdominal organs XI. Accessory (11) -- head and shoulder movements XII. Hypoglossal (12) -- chewing, speaking, swallowing (intrinsic tongue muscles) Adapted from Beatrice Humphries, RN

3. Identify the following external and internal structures on dissected sheep brain.

(external structures)VENTRAL

View

Structure Dura mater

Feature a sac that envelops the arachnoi

Pia mater

It is composed of delicate connective tissue and has many tiny blood vessels. located in the forebrain of vertebrates an inclusive structure that contains fibers of the lateral olfactory tract, cells of the anterior olfactory nucleus, and fibers of the anterior limb of the anterior commissure. A pea-sized gland that is housed within a bony structure (sella turcica) at the base of the brain it is the only tract in the central nervous system (CNS) to leave the cranial cavity and the only one that can be visualized clinically an X-shaped space, located in the forebrain, directly in front of the hypothalamus. Crucial to vision, the left and right optic nerves intersect at the chiasm, thus creating the hallmark X-shape a part of the visual system in the brain.

Olfactory bulbs Olfactory tracts

Pituitary gland

Optic nerves

Optic chiasm

Optic tracts

Hypothalamus

Mammillary body

Notes provides the brain and spinal cord with an extra protective layer, helps to keep the CNS from being jostled around by fastening it to the skull or vertebral column, and supplies a complex system of veinous drainage through which blood can leave the brain It acts as a barrier and aids in the production of cerebrospinal fluid. receives neural input about odours detected by cells in the nasal cavity to connect the olfactory bulb to multiple areas within the center of the brain.

tells other glands to release hormones

It transmits sensory information for vision in the form of electrical impulses from the eye to the brain.

Transmit visual information from the optic nerves to the occipital lobes of the brain

conveys visual information from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nuclei helps keep the body's internal functions in balance.

Cerebral peduncles

Midbrain

Pons

(internal structures)SAGITTAL

structures) (externalDORSAL

Medulla oblongata

Oculomotor nerve (optional) Trigeminal nerve (optional) the lower half of the brainstem

Cerebral hemispheres

divided into the left and right hemispheres

Longitudinal fissure

is the deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate brain. a major structure of the hindbrain that is located near the brainstem. Superior colliculi

Cerebellum

Corpora quadrigemina

Inferior colliculi

Pineal body

A small, pea-shaped gland in the brain

Cerebrum

is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres a large C shape white matter that divides the cerebral cortex into the right and left hemispheres a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain Alveus, fimbria, crura, body, columns of fornix

Corpus callosum

Septum pellucidum

Fornix

assist in refining motor movements, learning of new motor skills, and converting proprioceptive information into balance and posture maintenance

It's also essential for regulating your cardiovascular and respiratory systems. controls muscle functions and also controls speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning separates the two cerebral hemispheres

It is important for making postural adjustments in order to maintain balance. An area where visual, auditory and somatosensory information are integrated to initiate motor commands Its primary roles are signal integration, frequency recognition, and pitch discrimination. to receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature. ensures both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other acts as a partition between a portion of the lateral ventricles, forming part of the walls of the anterior region of the lateral ventricles plays a key role in cognition and episodic memory recall.

Intermediate mass (interthalamic adhesion) Thalamus Third ventricle Lateral ventricles Hypothalamus

Choroid plexus Infundibulum

Pineal body

Optic chiasm

Corpora quadrigemina:  Superior colliculi  Inferior colliculi Cerebral aqueduct Midbrain: Cerebral peduncles

Pons

Nuclei Fiber

Medulla oblongata

Fourth ventricle:

Choroid plexus Arbor vitae

Folia Cerebellum:

Vermis

involved in visceral control of the body and maintenance of overall homeostasis helps to protect the brain from injury and transport nutrients and waste. to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) catches and channels the released eggs to receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment Transmit visual information from the optic nerves to the occipital lobes of the brain reflex centers involving vision and hearing allows for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to flow between the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. assist in refining motor movements, learning of new motor skills, and converting proprioceptive information into balance and posture maintenance serve an especially critical role in generating the respiratory rhythm of breathing essential for regulating your cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It is a secretory tissue. It brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum. Each single folium is comprised of an outer cerebellar CORTEX (bark, peel, husk), which contains three cell layers, molecular, Purkinje, and granule The vermis is thought to be associated with the ability to maintain upright posture....