Anatomy Test 2 Study Guide PDF

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Lecture notes from end of EXAM 1 to EXAM 2 (EXAM 2 material) - Prof Greska...

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Anatomy Test 2 Study Guide

Integumentary System What are the main structures in the system? Skin, hair, nails 8 Functions of the system Protection, Excretion, Temperature regulation, UV Protection, Water repellent, Calcium metabolism, Energy storage, sensory feedback Layers of the Cutaneous Membrane Epidermis: superficial layer Dermis: deep layer Layers of the Epidermis Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale Keratinocytes: most abundant in epidermis, produce keratin Melanocytes: synthesize pigment melanin (produce skin color, absorb UV rays) Langerhans Cells: immunoresponse, eat waste products in cells Merkel Cells: touch receptors, at stratum basale Dermal/Epidermal junction (function, surface area, papillae vs ridges) Interlocking structures of epidermis and dermis to prevent slipping between layers DERMAL PAPILLAE: project into epidermis, fingerprints EPIDERMAL RIDGES: epidermal counterpart to dermal papillae Dermis Characteristics: Papillary (superficial) and Reticular (deep) layer, collagen and elastic fibers Function and Location: between epidermis and hypodermis Cells and their function: tactile disc, free nerve ending, tactile corpuscles, lamellated or pacinian corpuscles Hypodermis Characteristics: Adipose, major blood vessels Function and Location: Anchors & stabilizes the skin to deeper tissues Cells and their function: fatty composition for shock absorption, energy storage, and insulation

Bone

5 primary functions of the skeletal system Support, Protection, Storage of Minerals, Blood Cell Production, Leverage What structure (other than bone) is considered to be part of the skeletal system Cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissue that connect/stabilize bones Bones Cells Characteristics, Function, and Location Osteocytes: MATURE bone cells, majority of cell population, RESPOND to changes Osteoblast: PRODUCE NEW bone matrix Osteoclast: BREAK DOWN bone tissue Cortical: outer layer, densely packed, weight-bearing Trabecular: inner layer, less dense, weaker Characteristics, Function, and Location Mechanical roles of each – Tension vs compression: bones stronger in compression Collagen Fibers: rubbery, organic (1/3) Calcium Salts: hard, brittle, inorganic (2/3) Nutrient Artery and vein Osteons Lamellae Haversian Canals Volkmann’s Canals Canaliculi Mechanics of bone Compression vs Tension: bones stronger in compression Wolf’s Law – bone remodeling: Keep kicking ball→shin gets stronger Stress bone/muscle→remodels/rebuilds Bone Fractures Healing: adolescent fractures more serious bc growth plates are more vulnerable Hematoma formation→Fibrocartilage callus formation→bony callus formation→bone remodeling Open vs Closed – OPEN is more dangerous

The Skeletal System 5 shape types of bones and examples of each type and characteristics of each Long = Femur, Humerous, fingers and toes -long, enlarged at ends, weight-bearing Short = Carpals and ankles -small, boxy, rounded, shock absorbers

Irregular = Pelvis and vertebrae -complex shapes, protection Flat = Scapula, Sternum, ribs and skull -thin, protect vital organs, muscle attachments Sesamoid = Patella -seed-shaped, held w/in tendons, improve mechanical efficiency 2 primary divisions of the skeletal system Appendicular: upper and lower limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles Axial: skull, thorax, vertebral column Surface features of bone Condyles Foramen Fossa Sinus Etc. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Canal or meatus – Large passageway through bone Foramen – Small, round passageway Fissure – Elongated cleft or gap Sinus – Chamber within bone Process – A projection or bump Head – Expanded proximal end of bone Tubercle – A small rounded projection Sulcus – A deep narrow groove Tuberosity – A small, rough projection that may occupy broad area of bone surface Trochlea – A smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley Condyle – A smooth rounded articular process Crest – A prominent ridge Fossa – A shallow depression Line – A low ridge Spine – A pointed process Ramus – An extension of bone that makes and angle with rest of structure

Long bone structure Epiphysis: expanded areas at ends of bone Metaphysis: narrow zone connecting epiphysis to diaphysis Diaphysis: long, narrow tubular shaft in middle of bone Medullary Cavity: space within hollow shaft, filled w/ bone marrow (red and yellow) The Axial Skeleton 3 Primary regions of the axial skeleton: skull, thoracic cage, vertebral column How many bones in each: Skull: 29 bones (8 cranial, 14 facial, 6 auditory ossicles, 1 hyoid bone) Thoracic cage: 25 bones (sternum, 12 pairs of ribs) Vertebral Column: 26 bones (24 + sacrum + coccyx) 7 cervical→12 thoracic→5 lumbar Can you name them? Can you identify them in a diagram? What are some roles of the axial skeleton? Location: longitudinal axis of body type of bone (i.e. long, short, etc.): vertebrae→irregular skull→flat thoracic cage→flat general function: protection, provides stable base for movement of extremities Skull Cranial Bones – can you name all them? (8) frontal bone, parietal bone(2), temporal bone(2), occipital bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone Facial Bones – can you name all them? (14) Maxillary bone(2), palatine bone(2), nasal bone(2), inferior nasal conchae bone(2), zygomatic bone(2), lacrimal bone(2), vomer bone, mandible Sutures – can you name all them? (4) Lambdoid, squamous, sagittal, coronal Vertebral Column What are the 3 regions: Cervival(7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5) Structural/Functional differences of the vertebra in that region Cervical: small body, large foramen, support skull, stabilize spinal cord, large range and many types of motion Thoracic: medium body and foramen, support weight of superior structures, minimal motion, expansion during respiration (Kyphosis-hunch) Lumbar: large body, small foramen, very flexible, support weight of superior structures, INJURY PRONE (Lordosis- curve of back) Can you identify the types of vertebrae by shape? Can you name the surface features of each?

The Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral Girdle: clavicle and scapula Pelvic Girdle - differences in male/female pelvises? Coxal or hip bone (2) MALES HAVE MORE NARROW HIPS How many bones? 3 fused bones w/in: ilium, ischium, pubis Can you name them? Lower extremity bones Can you name them? Femur(2), Tibia(2), Fibula(2), Patella(2), Tarsals(14), Metatarsals(10), Phalanges(28) Can you name the surface structures? Bone type of each Differences in Tibia/fibula: Tibia is bigger and weight-bearing (inside) Upper extremity bones Can you name them? Humerus, Radius, Ulna, carpals(8), metacarpals(5), phalanges(14) Can you name the surface structures? Bone type of each...