Anatomy Study Guide 3 PDF

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summer is last time to take this class before they combine anatomy and physiology...

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Study Guide 3 Abdomen blind pouch: cecum- found at the proximal end of the large intestine end of the large intestines after the ileocecal valve and connected to the appendix Bile:  an emulsifier that is produced and excreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder Function:  breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules Blood supply to the greater omentum:  supplied from the superior mesenteric artery Chyme:  product of food being churned in the stomach to prepare it to enter the small intestine Chyme  enter intestine Bolus  enter stomach Cuplike division of the renal pelvis  calyx  urine drains from the kidney through the minor calyx into the major calyx and out through the ureter Ductless glands  endocrine glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream example: pineal, pituitary, pancreas Enzymes: chemical that speeds up or slow down a chemical reaction with no involvement in the finished product External longitudinal bands of muscles found in on the colon:  tenia coli- contracts to form haustra  pouches along the large intestine Feces: final product of digestion and discharge from the bowels Hepatic portal vein:  enters liver so that blood can be detoxified Hypochondriac: upper right / left sections of abdomen  right region  liver / gallbladder  left region  stomach / spleen Ileocolic: terminal end of the ileum where it meets the colon at the ileocecal valve Lacteals: lymphatic vessels  can be found in the microvilli / villi of small intestine Mesentery  Function:  anchor / support organ  wall off infection

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blood supply to get in and out of organs

2 divisions  dorsal and ventral     

greater omentum  from greater curve of stomach, around intestine to posterior wall DORSAL mesentery proper transverse mesocolon sigmoid mesocolon lesser omentum  from lesser curve of stomach to the anterior wall VENTRAL

Muscle of the anterior abdominal wall:  external oblique  internal oblique  transverse abdominis  rectus abdominis Muscles of the posterior wall of the abdomen:  quadrant lumborum  rib 12 to crest of ilium  iliopsoas  lumbar spine to top of femur Oddi  sphincter of oddi  controls flow of digestive juices (bile / pancreatic juice) into the ampulla vata Pancreas  both endocrine / exocrine organs 1. endocrine: secrete insulin / glycogen 2. exocrine: secretes digestive enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, fats Parts of the cat  2 discussed different parts 1. urine horn = litter of kittens 2. no appendix Peritoneum  area of the gut 1. 3 parts: o visceral o parietal o peritoneal cavity 2. organs: o stomach o small / large intestine o liver o gallbladder o pancreas o spleen Primary method of moving food within the GI tract  peristalsis Rectus sheath  posterior / anterior sheath  transverse abdominis  internal / external obloquie  meet at linea alba to make up the rectus sheath

Small intestine  90% of absorption happens here broken into 3 parts:  duodenum  25cm / 10 inches / breakdown of proteins, carbs, fats  jejunum  2.5 cm / 8 feet  ileum  3.5 m / 11feet Sphincter: round muscle that surrounds and serving to guard or close the opening (hollow organs) of an organ example: stomach / anus Subcostal: below the rib Tran’s pyloric line lies along  rib 9-L 1 Urethra job: eliminate urine from the body / expel ejaculate in males Vagus nerve: innervates organs from the larynx to proximal end of large intestine What lines the small intestine and increases the surface area: villi Where are 3 tendinous intersections found: either tinea alba / rectus abdominis Alimentary Canal  4 layers 1. mucosa: absorption  simple columnar 2. submucosa: control  connective tissue 3. Muscularis externa  smooth muscle 4. serosa  visceral peritoneal Liver  major detox organ

Heart and Circulation Branch of the umbilical arteries of the fetus serve what in the adult: 1. umbilical ligament 2. internal iliac artery 3. in males  artery to the ductus deferens (vas deferens) Do arteries carry oxygenated blood:  systemic  oxygenated  pulmonary  deoxygenated How many arteries and veins in fetal circulation:  2 arteries  1 vein Left side of the heart / function: 1. receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps blood back to body 2. valves  bi cuspid valves, aortic valve Right side of the heart / function: 1. receives deoxygenated blood and pumps from body via the inferior / superior vena cava and coronary sinus 2. pumps blood to lungs for gas exchange 3. valves  tri cuspid, pulmonary valve Membrane that surrounds the heart:  visceral pericardium Other name for left atrioventricular valve:  bicuspid / mitral valve Trabeculae carnae: muscular ridges found inside the ventricles of the heart What do veins do: carry blood towards the heart Cardiac Tamponade: medical emergency in which fluid builds up in the pericardium Beck’s Triad  1. jugular distension  decreased venous return 2. hypotension  low stroke volume 3. muffled heart sounds  do to fluid build up red blood cells  urethra site function: carry oxygen polythelia versa  to many red blood cells IDA  iron deficiency anemia  lacking B 12 white blood cells  leukocytes

function: fight infection leukemia  to many white blood cells Fetal circulation: 1. by pass liver  ductus veinosis 2. by pass lungs  ductus arteriosus cardiomegaly:  

dilative  dilation of the myocardium hypertrophic  heart increases in size due to increased demand

hepatic portal system = vein capillary vein

Pelvis and Perineum Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity separated by  pelvic brim Crura of the penis attached to the pelvic bones by  ischiocavernosus muscle Inferior border of the perineum  transverse perineal muscle is base of triangle (urogenital diaphragm) Pelvic Diaphragm composition:  coccygeal  levator ani Perineum: urogenital diaphragm  houses 2 / 3 openings  urethra, anal sphincter / females: vaginal opening Size of female urethra  4cm urine maintain:  ph balance  acid  water  balance / osmosis  electrolytes  enzyme function urine made of:  water  salts  urea nephron: functional unit of the kidney glomerus: filter tubule: designed for absorption / secretion Hyllus structure:  artery  vein  ureter pyramid function: collecting ducts to bring it back towards pelvic area column function: how blood supply gets up there to be filter in cortex and mainly tubercles kidney stones: 1. 2. 3. 4.

calcium stones  most common / due to increased oxalate and not enough water cystine  autosomal recessive gene inability to clear cysteine from the urine uric acid  related to gout, the inability to handle uric acid struvite  infection stones (chronic UTI)

renal failure:

1. prerenal  before the kidney 2. intrarenal  direct to the kidney 3. postrenal  swollen prostate Reproduction Cervix: separates the body of uterus from the vagina Contents of the penis:  corpora cavernosum  dorsal lateral tissue  corpus spongiosum  ventral midline tissue and glans penis  urethra Endocrine compound produced by the ovaries:  90 % estrogen  10 % testosterone Erectile tissue in the shaft of the penis:  corpora cavernosa  corpus cavernosum In the adult male the Wolffian ducts becomes: vas deferens / ductus deferens (female = ova duct) Male sterilization: vasectomy Mammary gland  found in breasts  glorified sweat gland  produces milk when stimulated by prolactin  held up by suspensory ligament Meiosis: used in sperm cell division Oviduct  fallopian tube  fimbriae at end grabs egg and brings it to infundibulum to ampulla where fertilization takes place  5 -7 days to travel to reach uterus for implantation Parts of the human female:  ovaries  oviducts  uterus  cervix  vagina Penis is homologous to the female  clitoris Primary sex organ name of the male and/or female  gonads  male: testes  female: ovaries

Remnants of peritoneum makes up:  male: virginals- when testes descend they bring down part of peritoneum  female: broad ligament- folding over the peritoneum Spermatozoa: mature male reproductive cells released with semen Spermatozoa from the male deposited in the female: vagina Time primary sex organs differentiate: 6 weeks What is found in the spermatic cord:  vein  artery  nerves  ductus deferens  curmaster muscles 

10 point essay on the heart....