Anatomy Quiz study guide lab PDF

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a study guide for lab quiz #1 ...

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Anatomy Quiz #3 Study Guide:  In the adult skeleton, there are 206 bones composed of both compact and spongey bone. Types of Bones:  Long Bones: femur, phalanges (phalanx is one finger)- shaft w heads at either endcomposed mostly of compact bone  Short bones: tarsals, carpals- cube-shaped & contain more spongey bone than compact bone  Flat bones: cranium bones, sternum- generally thin w/2 wafer-like layers of compact bone sandwiching a thicker layer of spongey bone between them- curved  Irregular Bones: fall into none of these categories- vertebrae  Sesamoid Bones: patella (kneecap)- special types of short bones formed within tendons  Sutural Bones: tiny bones between cranial bones Bone Markings: reveal where bones form joints with other bones, where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached, and where blood vessels and nerves passed o 2 main categories of bone markings: 1. projections that grow out from the bone & serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints 2. depressions or openings in the bone that often serve as conduits for nerves and blood vessels ~ Projections That Are Sites of Muscle & Ligament Attachment:  Tuberosity: large rounded projection; may be roughened  Crest: narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent  Trochanter: very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process or projection (only ex. on femur)  Line: narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest  Tubercle: small rounded projection or process  Epicondyle: raised area on or above a condyle  Spine (posterior): sharp, slender, often pointed projection or process  Process: boney prominence or projection ~ Projections That Help Form Joints:  Head: boney expansion carried on a narrow neck  Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface  Condyle: rounded articular projection  Ramus: arm-like bar of bone (projection) Depressions & Openings: For Passage of Vessels and Nerves:  Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening  Foramen: round or oval opening through a bone  Notch: indentation at the edge of a structure Others:  Meatus: canal-like passageway  Sinus: bone cavity, filled w/air & lined w mucous membrane  Fossa: shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface Gross Anatomy of the Typical Long Bone:  Epiphysis: end portion of a long bone  Articular Cartilage: helps reduce friction at joints

 Red Marrow: site of blood cell formation  Periosteum & Endosteum: two membranous sites of osteoprogenitor cells  Diaphysis: scientific term for bone shaft  Medullary Cavity: contains tallow marrow in adult bones  Epiphyseal Line: growth plate remnants The Axial Skeleton: ~Frontal: forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa  Frontal Sinus: ~Parietal: forms the superior & lateral aspects of the skull ~Temporal: form the inferolateral aspects of the skull & contribute to the middle cranial fossa; each has squamous. tympanic, and petrous parts  Zygomatic Process: a bridge-like projection that articulates with the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch  Mandibular Fossa: located on the inferior surface of the zygomatic process; receives the condylar process of the mandible to form the temporomandibular joint  External Acoustic (Auditory) Meatus: canal leading to the middle ear & eardrum  Styloid Process: needlelike projection that serves as an attachment point for ligaments and muscles of the neck  Mastoid Process: located posterior to the external acoustic (auditory) meatus; serves as an attachment point for neck muscles ~Occipital: forms the posterior aspect & most of the base of the skull  Foremen Magnum: large opening in the base of the bone, which allows the spinal cord to join with the brain stem  Occipital Condyles: rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebrae (atlas) ~Sphenoid: bat-shaped bone that is described as the keystone bone of the cranium bc it articulates w/all other cranial bones  Sphenoid Sinus:  Lesser Wing: form part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa & part of the orbit  Greater Wing: project laterally from the greater wings; attachment site for chewing muscles (pterygoid muscles)  Sella Turcica: “Turkish saddle” located on the superior surface of the body; the seat of the saddle, called the hypophyseal fossa, holds the pituitary gland...