Anatomy study guide unit 1 PDF

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Study guide for Unit 1 exam...

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Anatomy study guide 1. Key points to focus on: a. Body position terms— i. Proximal: 1. Closer to its origin ii. Distal: 1. Further away from its origin iii. Lateral: 1. Away from the midline iv. Medial: 1. Towards the midline v. Superior: 1. Means “higher” vi. Inferior: 1. Means “lower” vii. Posterior: 1. (dorsal) refers to the back viii. Anterior: 1. (ventral) 2. Locate the following body cavities: a. Thoracic cavity b. Abdominopelvic cavity c. Cranial cavity 3. Explain the differences among diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis a. Diffusion: i. Random movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration toward one of lower concentration b. Facilitated diffusion: i. Diffusion in which a protein channel or a carrier molecule transports a substance across a cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration c. Osmosis: i. Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane toward a greater concentration of impermanent solute 4. What are the different types of cellular respiration and how are they different? 5. Make sure you understand what happens to carbs/glucose as they relate to chapter 4 and ATP production 6. What happens to glucose if it isn’t used for energy? 7. The knee is ______ to the hip? a. Distal 8. Homeostasis is: a. The tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment 9. What is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism in the human body?

a. Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid 10. The thoracic cavity lies _____ the abdominopelvic cavity. a. Superior to 11. A blood clot stimulating further clotting is an example of ______ a. A positive feedback mechanism 12. Maintaining a stable internal environment typically requires ______ a. Negative feedback mechanisms 13. In negative feedback mechanisms, changes away from the normal state… a. Stimulate changes in the opposite direction 14. An anatomical section that separates the body into right left portions is a ______ section a. Sagittal 15. The heart is part of the _______ system a. Cardiovascular 16. Chemistry deals with a. The composition and changes of substances that make up living as well as nonliving matter 17. In the body, oxygen a. Is used during cellular respiration 18. A molecule that is a storage form of carbohydrate is ______ a. Glycogen 19. Anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration a. Break down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules b. Occur in the absence of oxygen c. Transfer energy to ATP molecules 20. An enzyme is ____________ a. A molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy 21. Two pyruvic acid molecules are the outcome after breaking down one glucose molecule in a process known as ________ a. Glycolysis 22. A person has acidosis if the blood pH a. Drops below 7.3 23. Proteins denature when a. Hydrogen bonds break 24. What does it mean if a membrane has selective permeability? a. It allows some substances to pass through, while excluding others. 25. Which describes the mitochondrion? a. The organelle where energy is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP 26. Which of the following best describes “anabolic metabolism?” a. Biochemical reactions that BUILD UP compounds 27. The anatomy of a body part is closely related to its physiology a. True 28. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities a. True

29. An atom that has gained or lost electrons is called an ion a. True 30. A person with alkalosis has a blood pH less than 7.3 a. False—alkalosis is greater than 7.3, less than 7.3 is acidosis 31. Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that we get directly by eating plants a. False 32. A protein is formed from a sequence of amino acids a. True 33. Metabolism consists of all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life a. True 34. Homeostasis is the body’s maintenance of an unstable internal environment a. False—STABLE internal environment 35. ADP can be converted back into ATP by attaching a third phosphate. This is known as a. Phosphorylation 36. Which of the following is an example of an aerobic reaction? a. Synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A b. Citric acid cycle c. Electron transport chain 37. An example of an anabolic reaction is a. Many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen 38. A cofactor is ________ and examples are ________. a. A necessary part of some enzymes b. Copper, iron and zinc...