Animal Science 212 Midterm Review PDF

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Animal Science Final Review Physiology CellsTissuesOrgansSystems  Red bloods cells don’t have a nucleus except in chickens  Organ: o 2+ tissues o too complicated for 1 tissue o example: pancreas- insulin, glucagon, digestive enzymes from all different tissue types  MitochondriaATP is produced  RibosomesProteins are made  Golgi Apparatus site of synthesis of secretory proteins  Endoplasmic ReticulumTransport system  Lysosomes degrades proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids o White blood cells have lysosomes  6 tissue types: o muscle o adipose o nervous o connective o epithelial o fluids  10 Body systems o external body parts o skeletal o muscular o circulatory o respiratory o urinary o digestive o reproductive o nervous o endocrine Pelage: wool, hair, feathers, fur Functions of Skin  physical barrier, sweat glands, nerves, keeps hydration  skin glands o cooling o secreting water and electrolytes

o sheep and dogs don’t have many sweat glands  sebaceous o secretes oily substances o example: lanolin in sheep  lanolin: fatty material sheep produce that makes wool water repellent  skin layers o epidermis  outer layer of epithelial  no blood cells o dermis  inner layer  connective tissue  blood vessel  lymph vessels  nerves  glands  hair follicles o sub-cutaneous adipose (fatty) tissue  underneath dermis  insulation  pigs have less because they are from tropical areas  sheep have more because they are from cold areas Molting: hens shed feathers in late summer to grow new ones for the winter  can be done by commercial light   

mule-foot swine do not have cloven hooves horns can be used in temperature regulation wattle to attract females

Skeletal System Structure of bones  outer layer o tricalcium phosphate (inorganic) o collagen (organic) & chondroitin sulfate  inner core o bone marrow  yellow marrow (mostly fat)  red marrow (red blood cell and platelet formation)  leg weakness

o animals need good levels of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D o good sources: limestone, dicalcium phosphate, and alfalfa Parts of Skeleton  Axial Skeleton o Skull o Vertebral column o Rib cage  Pectoral Limb o Front leg  Pelvic limb

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Vertebra o Cervical (neck)  Small spinal process Big articular process  o Thoracic (ribcage/shoulder)  Big spinal process  Number varies 12-18

 Makes dorsal prominence (withers in horses)  All are connected to the ribs o Lumbar  Large, flat, transverse process which protect laterally  Long arm in a T-bone steak  5-6 lumbar vertebrae o sacral  fused to make wedge shaped bone called sacrum  pelvis is joined to the sacrum  4-5 vertebrae o Coccygeal  Tail  number can vary within species Muscular System  Protein and water (70%)  Lean  Amino acid building blocks o Cheap to deposit (compared to fat) o Fat has 2.25x more energy than protein  Functions o Movement/work o Body temp. (exercise) o Maintain posture o Shivering  3 types o striated voluntary (skeletal)  cross striations  striations= actin/myosin  bundle=sarcomere  proteins overlap  calcium causes contractions  proteins slide over each other  voluntary  connected to bones by tendons  2 bones usually  role  extensor-straighten  flexor-bend  abductor-move away from the body  adductor-move toward body o Smooth Muscle  Involuntary- autonomic, nervous and endocrine

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Intestines, glands, blood vessels, urinary, reproductive More disorganized Weaker and slower than skeletal  No sarcomere

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Involuntary Striated  So it can contract quickly Autonomic control Lots of mitochondria

Cardiac muscle o

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Circulatory System  Heart, arteries, capillaries, vein, lymph system  Function o Transport, nutrient and waste products, gasses (02, CO2), water, hormones, distributes heat, moves components of immune system  Pulmonary Circulation o Heart pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs o Blood is oxygenated in the capillaries of the lungs o Oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart through the pulmonary vein  Systemic Circulation o Heart pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to all body tissues o Thin walled capillaries allow 02/CO2 exchange o Vena cava (anterior & posterior) carries blood from tissues to heart o Venus system collects drainage  Blood o 50-60% plasma or serum (mostly water)  90% water  10% solids  salts, antibodies, hormones, vitamin C, enzymes, glucose, fats, proteins,  albumin, globulin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin  functions  buffers for pH  7.39 is the normal pH (bicarbonate) o 40-50% red blood cells o buffy coat= white blood cells o have to add ADTA in lab to prevent clotting o Red blood cells  Have hemoglobin (iron & globulin)  Can have 60% more O2 than water  Nitrate poisoning reduces the ability to transport O2

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Piglets born are born iron deficient, in nature they dig up dirt to get the iron they need  When drinking-water is contaminated by runoff nitrate binds to the hemoglobin o White blood cells  Leukocytes  Immune system  Made in the red bone marrow and the lymph glands  Can go through arterial/venal walls  Phil/cyte are different types  Function  Neutrophils and monocytes o Killers o Eat (phagocytosis) bacteria & kill o When you get cut, neutrophils come to the sight of infection and release histamine so blood flow increases to the sight of infection  Eosinophils o Control parasite infections  Basophils o Allergies/inflammatory  Lymphocytes o Immune system o Tcell immunity (communicating, memory of infections) o B humoral immunity (antibodies) o Sensitive to the stress  Puss=white blood cells+ destroyed pathogens  Stress raises the ratio of neutrophils: leukocytes  Platelets o Clotting (fibrinogen) Respiratory System  Exchange gasses with the atmosphere  Pharynx- digestive & respiratory system Urinary  Glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tube  Water is reabsorbed in the loop of henle  Salts are reabsorbed in distal convoluted tubule Male Reproduction  Testicles needs to be 4-5C lower than the body  No scrotum in poultry Cryptorchid

 o One ball drops o Can’t be castrated o Still makes testosterone o Still fertile with one ball  Inguinal canal o Prevents testicles from going into body and viscera from entering scrotum  Seminiferous tubules o Where sperm develops  Sertoli cells: primary sperm cells  Leydig cells- make testosterone  Epididymis o 400-500 ft long tube in testicles o storage for sperm o sperm maturation  Vas Deferns o Tube from epididymis to urethra  Secondary sex glands o Seminal vesicles  Neutralizes urine residues and adds volume Prostate o  Provides sperm nutrients o Cowpers gland Secretes gel which forms cervical plug  o Boar and stallion have higher volumes of ejaculate  Castration o Meat quality  Boar taint  Dark cutters o Wether- sheep

o Barrow- pig o Rooster- capon o Stag- castrated after sexual maturity o Teaser- vasectomy Female Reproduction  Vulva o Exterior Vestibule  o Just inside vulva o Secretes mucous  Odour are pheromones affecting bulls when the cow is in heat  Vagina o Copulation o Between vestibule and cervix o Cow and ewesemen deposited here

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Uterus o Body and two uterine horns o Litter bearing species have prominent horns and a short body o Horse and sow- semen deposited here Fallopian tube/ociduct o Ovariesuterus o Part of oviduct nearest the ovary is the funnel shaped (infundibulum) o Ectopic pregnancyfetus develops outside the uterus o Secretes fluid for eggs until it gets to a uterus

Ovary  o Source of follicle/ova o Source of estrogen

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o Primordial follicles: primary eggs before puberty  Mature follicles=Graafian/ tertiary  Theca cells secrete estrogen  Pubertygrowth plates close Puberty o Cattle- 14 months (longer in charolais and holstein =) o Sheep- 7-10 months o Horses 15-24 months o Pig 5-8 months Estrous cycle o Ou- cycle o U- in heat

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o o

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Only time female will allow copulation Lasts few hours- few days  2 days in bovine Monoestrus: 1 cycle/year  Poly: 1+ Inducted ovulators: ovulate on copulation  Rabbits & alpaca Seasonal ovulators: show heat during certain seasons  Heat in fall for spring birth  Due to photoperiod Proestrous: before estrous  Reproductive tract prepares for release of ovum  Thickening wall of vagina  Increased blood supply to the uterus  Shows interest but will not be bred  Follicular growth, increase in estrogen levels  Reproductive tract becomes softer or Estrus  Sexual receptivity  Max estrogen  estrus  Red/swelling of vulva  Standing heat (sow)  Metestrus  Post ovulation  CL develops (progesterone)  Diestrus  Luteal phase  Non-sexual  PGF2- estrus synchronization  Can be maternal recognition Animal Length of cycle Cow 21 Ewe 17 Sow 21 Mare 21 Controlled by anterior pituitary gland

Estrus 18 h 30 h 48h 5 days

o FSH-develops follicle o Theca cells produce estrogen o Functions of estrogen  Induction of estrus  Increase uterine motility  Dilation of cervix  Synthesis of cervical mucus  Mammary gland development  Stimulates release of LH (ovulation)  1 follicle in cows, mares and women  ewes-1-3, sows 15-25 o Progesterone  Stops ovulation  Maintains pregnancy  Causes endometrium to thicken  Increases uterine blood supply  Mammary gland development o Fertilizationimplantation  Upper 1/3 of fallopian tube  3 membranes around the embryo before attachment  amnion- surround embryo  chorion- outermost  allantois- extension of urinary system, liquid wastes and gas exchange  placenta fusion of the chorion and uterine mucosa o Freemartin  Twins in cattle may have an exchange of blood  With male and female twins the female twin is infertile because of the Y chromosome o pregnancy detection  absence of estrus  rectal palpation- day 45  bio tests- day 21  ultrasound  Doppler-sows o Hormones of birth  ACTH- stress, epinephrine  Prostaglandin- destroys CL  Estrogen- sensitizes to oxytocin

  Animal Sows Ewe Cow Mare

Oxytocin- milk let down, contractions, bonding Relaxin Length of pregnancy 114 days 147 days 282 days 335 days

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Digestion  Salivary amylase: Predigestion of starch   

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Prehension: how animals eat Mastication: chewing Stomach o Low pH  Too low in swine=ulcers when the feed is too fine small intestine o most digestion o bile and digestive enzymes o duodenum  primarily digestive o jejunum  intermediate o ileum  primarily absorptive large intestine o cecum

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 microbial digestion in horses o colon  water re absorption o rectum Volatile Fatty Acids: primary source of energy for ruminant Rumen: acetate, propionate, butyrate o 22L in mature cow o microbes are digested for protein o synthesizes B vitamins o eructation of belching gases (CO2 and methane) Monogastric- mostly enzymes Ruminant- bacterial fermentation and enzymes post rumen Avian digestive system o Small intestine  Enzymatic digestion and absorption o Ceca  Non-functioning o Large intestine  Bacterial activity  Water absorption  Waste storage o Vent- exit

Nutrients and Nutrition 

Nutrient: substance that must be supplied in the diet to permit normal life processes

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o Essential: something you need from you diet because you can’t make it on your own Nutrition: science that deal with food and the nutrients it contains Energy is the most expensive nutrient 1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 C losses of energy in feces, gas, urine, and heat carbohydrates o C, H, O o Primary source of energy for livestock o Monogastricstarch amylose and amylopectin (cereals)alpha o Ruminants fibrecellulose, hemicellulose, ligninbeta o 50-75% of feed o important polysaccharides  glycogen: animal starch, like amylopectin but with shorter side chains  cellulose: fibre  hemicellulose: fibre, heterogeneous, backbone is xylose, mannose, galactose ‘  pectin: complex, galacaturonic  lignin: found in fibre, non-carbohydrate, phenol units o functions  energy  antiketogenic  ketones are a by-product of lipid metabolism and if you don’t eat carbs you get ketone bodies  protein sparing  bulk  riboflavin (RNA)  increased palatability o diseases  feedlot bloat  lactic acidosis  diabetes mellitus  ketosis  pregnancy toxemia o pancreatic amylase breaks down starch protein o contains nitrogen o more in soy beans, canola, peas, meat, fish meals, alfalfa o held together by peptide bonds o quality  amino acid balance  lysine is usually first limiting  digestibility

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o analysis  crude protein  N content  Protein=16% N  6.25% of N  usually an over estimation Lipids o Not soluble in polar solvents o 2.25x more energy than carbs or protein o triglycerides in livestock diets o double bonds are usually cis o to name omega lipids: start at the methyl end then count to where the first double bond is the number o essential fatty acids  linoleic  linolenic o quality assessments  iodine value  estimation of unsaturation  oxidation  rancidity  moisture, impurities, unsaponifiables o reasons to add fat  provide energy  improve palatanility  provide fat soluble vitamins  essential fatty acids  help with heat stress  dust control  lubrication  improve diet handling  provides pigments o bile from the gull bladder reduces the size of fat droplets forming and emulsion o ruminant fat is usually more saturated than Monogastric fat Minerals o Inorganic- no carbon o Narrow range between deficiency and toxicity o Functions  Structural materials  Maintains pH  Maintains osmotic pressure  Digestive acids  Muscle contraction

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 Coenzymes o Calcium  Functions  Muscles  Nerves  Blood clotting  Deficiency symptoms  Rickets  Milk fever  Cage layer fatigue  Kochia is bad o Phosphorus  Functions  Bone formation  Metabolic  Sources  Meat and bone meal  Dicalcium phosphate  Plant sources (phytate)  Deficiency symptoms  Pica  Leg weakness  Unavailable phos is excreted in the urine, plant sources need to be consumed with phytate to make them more available o Na, K, Cl  Osmotic balance o Others  S, I, Mg, Fe, Cu, Co, Se, Zn Vitamins o Fat soluble  Vitamin A, D, E, K o Water soluble  Vitamin C and B-complex o Functions  Regulate body processes  Promote growth and development  Build and maintain tissues  Assist in using energy to form carbohydrates  Maintenance of health o Vitamin A  Functions  Vision  Epithelial tissue function

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Bone growth Resistance to infection

o Vitamin D  Regulates Ca metabolism o Vitamin E  Antioxidant o Vitamin K  Blood clotting

Breeding 

Breed: a group of animals with common characteristics that distinguishes them from another species and which can be transmitted consistently Qualitative inheritance 1-3 pairs of genes Color, looks

Quantitative inheritance Several genes and the environment Height, milk yield

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Heritability o Proportion of total variation among individuals due to their genes o How quickly a trait can be improved by selection

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>40% High

Growth

20-35%

Medium

Function Behavior...