Animal Science 001 Notes PDF

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These notes are on the guest lecturers that would come in during each class on the topic in their field. Very good and helpful notes to study for exams....

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ASCI Notes

29th August, 2019

Agriculture Animal Research and Teaching Ruth Blauwiekel, DVM, PhD University Veterinarian [email protected] How do livestock animals contribute to society? ● Products ● Skin ● Food chain ● Companion animals What are the benefits of agricultural animals? ● Conversion of feed into food ● Clothing ● Power ● Recreation ● Conservation (soil/fertility) ● By-products (wax, soap, lubricants, glues, inks, etc … ) ● Drugs for humans and animals ○ Many types of early drugs came from animals but are synthesized in modern day medicine. Goals of teaching about animals in research: ● Improve and expand on livestock contributions to benefit both humans and animals ● Contribute to a greater future of agriculture ○ Sustainability and ecologically sound ○ Responsive to local, human and animal conditions within the environment. ● Develope student education in the department of animal science ○ Sound animal management techniques ○ Solid scientific understanding ○ Ethics of animal use ○ Prepare to identify and solve tomorrow agricultural challenges Core Info for animal handling, care and research: ● Laws, regulations and policies ○ Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals ○ Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Teaching and Research ○ University Policies and SOP’s ● Ethical and scientific issues

○ Alternatives to animal use ○ Minimizing pain and distress ● Important of good husbandry and environment ● Responsibility of researchers, IACUC veterinary and farm personnel Monitoring Compliance and Consequences ○ IACUC → Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee ○ OLAW → Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare ○ U.S. Department of Agriculture ○ AAALAC → Association of the assessment and accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. ● Ethics and Scientific Issues in Using Animals in Teaching and Research ○ We are bound by moral and ethical obligations to minimize pain, distress and discomfort. ■ Pain → “an aversive feeling or sensation associated with actual or potential tissue damage”. Pain helps with the healthing process and teaches us not to do it again. ■ How to minimize pain → Unmitigated pain must be avoided. ● proper training ● Sedatives and anesthetics ● Post-procedural analgesics ● Close supervision of students and staff by investigator or veterinarian Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) ● Originally developed by FAWC committee in UK → 1979 ○ Freedom from Hunger and Thirst ■ Full access to quality feed and water → Nutritional adequacy (portion control, proper storage that limits the access of mice and rats ) ○ Freedom from discomfort ■ Physical discomfort → shelter, bedding, protection from extreme temps (stability and control to avoid variability is important → could cause health issues if not) ○ Freedom from Pain, Injury and Disease ■ Handling and care of animals ● Sick or injured → extra care, emergency care needs to be available. ■ Ability to handle ● Non-ambulatory animals → ability to provide humane euthanasia.

○ Freedom to Express Normal Behavior ■ Social Environment and Behavior ● Most livestock species are “social” animals ● Should be housed in groups or pairs or at least have visual and auditory contact ● Should be provided with species-specific “enrichment items” ○ Balls and swings for pigs ○ Oral stimulants for calves. ○ Brushes for cows ○ Freedom from Fear and Distress ■ Avoid mental suffering ● Stressors such as: ○ Overcrowding ○ Adverse environments ○ Cruelty or abuse Disease control / prevention ● Good herd health programs ○ appropriate vaccinations ○ treatment plans ○ Good sanitation and hygiene. ****Biosecurity **** ● Protect animal subjects from exotic and non-exotic disease ○ Traffic control ○ Isolation → quarantine ○ Hygiene → the ones who are more susceptible to disease, are the ones who are worked with first to prevent contamination and potential issues. Good animal welfare is important to commercial agriculture ● Pain, distress, and fear can affect animal products or performance ○ “PALE SOFT EXUDATIVE” → PSE (pork) ○ “Dark cutters” in beef ● Stressed animals become a greater danger to themselves and others Animal Husbandry ● Handling and Care of Animals ○ Observation ○ Identification ○ Appropriate restraint ○ Appropriate Veterinary Care

Physical Plant ● Animal Health and comfort ● Sanitation ● Safety (animals and people) ● Public appearance/perception ● Building codes, regulatory issues ● Restrict access by vermin, wildlife. Occupational Health and Safety ● Hazards of interacting with livestock ○ Environmental hazards ■ Equipment can cause injuries as well. ● Animals → cattle and horses are large and strong and should be handled with care, caution and respect ○ Cattle cause the most injuries ○ Report injuries to instructor or advisor ■ Complete a “First Report of Injury” form ○ Seek appropriate medical attention ○ Work w natural behaviors of animals, like a dance ● Zoonotic Diseases ○ Ringworm ○ Tetanus ○ Q-fever ○ Listeriosis ○ Rabies ○ Allergies ○ E. coli ○ Salmonella ○ Cryptosporidia ○ Giardia ○ Brucellosis ○ Tuberculosis Hazards of interaction w livestock ○ Environmental hazards ■ Equipment - tractors, skid steers are significant hazard. Responsibilities as students: ● Humane care of animals ● Following standard Operative Procedures ● Practice good personal safety ● Notify responsible person w any issues or questions

● Get further training as needed. Fun Fact: The goat in mesopotamia was the first domesticated animal. ASCI Notes

3rd September, 2019

Agriculture Animal Research and Teaching Ruth Blauwiekel, DVM, PhD University Veterinarian [email protected] Animals commonly used in research and teaching ● Mice, rats, guineapigs, rabbits, hamsters, gerbils, dogs, cats, primates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, etc … ○ Used for advancements in vaccinated for rabies, polio, diphtheria, research in HIV/AIDS, Ebola, blood transfusions, kidney dialysis, joint replacements, interventional cardiology, cancer chemotherapy, etc… Purpose bred → animal bred at uvm w particular backgrounds or from other laboratories What led to the early legislation regulation of animal cruelty? ● 1868 → Horse racing in New England that led to two horses dying after the race. ○ MSPCA was then formed shortly after by George Angell ■ 3 months later, MA passed the animal cruelty laws w working animals. ■ 1907 → all states had some anti cruelty laws in place. Animal Welfare Act → exempts animals in agriculture research , rats, and rabbits. ● Goes into how animals are handled, cared for and transported Public Health Service Policy → Each institution has to appoint someone or an organization as the head of animal care IACUC → Before animals can go to the researchers, the work must be thoroughly described to the IACUC ● 12 Members ○ Vet ○ Scientists with experience of working with lab animals ○ Non scientist that knows nothing about research animals or science ○ Community member or non-affiliated member who doesn’t get having to do directly with UVM → they have 2 ■ Impartially represent the community's interest ● USDA categories used in IACUC Review: ○ Breeding (no induced pain) ○ Minimal pain or distress

○ More than momentary or slight pain/distress relieved by analgesia ○ More than momentary or slight pain/distressed not relieved by analgesia. Three R’s ● Reduction ○ Use minimal number lives necessary to effectively answer research question ■ Appropriate experimental design ■ Statistical consultation and analysis ● Refinement ○ Reduce incidence or severity of distress ■ Improved anesthesia and/or anaglesia ■ Training of personnel ■ Adoption of improved surgical techniques or noninvasive techniques ● Replacement ○ Substitute insentient materials or lower species

ASCI Notes

5th September, 2019

Animal Industries / Society David Townson, PhD University Profess and Animal Science Department Chair

[email protected] Agricultural ● Breeding and raising of livestock (domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as: food, fiber and labor) ● Animal food products ○ Nutrient dense: (high ratio of nutrients to calories) ○ Protein, vitamins, minerals, complex carbs ● High Quality Protein ○ Contains a good balance of amino acids to meet human needs ○ High “biological value” ● Production of food animals ○ Animals as “bio-converters” (ruminants, in particular) → take lands and grass that humans wouldn’t normally eat to get the nutrients in them by eating it through the animals. ○ Production of high quality protein

● Poultry ○ Least expensive source of protein for human consumption ○ Highly efficient feed conversion - grain based diet ○ Feed conversion ratio  w eight of feed ÷ w eight of gain  ○ Products ■ Eggs and meat ○ Important Commercial Species ■ Chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese ○ Breeds ■ White leghorn (most common in US) ● 300 eggs per year ■ Plymouth Rock and Cornish (broiler breed - bigger breasts and heaver bird) ● World food demand ○ Increasing consumption of meat and eggs over the next 25 years by nearly double of what it was between 1961 - 2005.  ■ Due to: Developing countries that are able to have more income and populations that use those resources ● Shown through India, Nigeria and China. ● Productive Functions Served by Livestock ○ Food (above) ○ Fiber Production ■ Wool ■ Mohair → Angora Goat ■ Leather ○ Labor (tillage power) ● Breeds of Dairy cows ● Holstein ○ Majority of US Dairy cows (93%) ○ Produces 22,000lb of milk / year ( about 10 gallons a day for 10 months) ○ 3.7% fat and 3.1% protein ● Jersey ○ 5.5% U.S. Dairy Cows ○ Produce 16,000 lb of milk / year

○ 5.1% fat and 3.7% protein ● Other breeds: (Ayrshire, brown swiss, guernsey, milking shorthorn)   ● Breeds of Beef Cattle ○ Bos Taurus ■ “British Breeds” - superior maternal properties ● Fertility, longevity, milk production ● Earlier maturity ● Less muscular ○ Angus - Majority of US Animals ○ Hereford - second highest ○ “European or Continental breeds” - Paternal properties: ■ Charolais and Simmental ● Superior growth rate ● Lean ● Large body size ○ Bos Indicus (Zebu Breeds) ■ Superior disease resistance in tropical climates ■ Large hump ■ Curving horse ■ Large ears ■ Pendulous skin ● Lots of skin folds that cool them off and have lots of sweat glands for those warmer temps ● Pork Production ● Pork Chops, bacon, ham lard, leather ● Shift from small to large farm operations: increased efficiency, reduced input costs / pig ○ Raised to be all the same age, weight, shipped to the same place, completely cleaned and disinfected and then a whole new population comes in. ■ Max efficiency to raise lots of animals in short amount of time, prevent cross contamination, biosecurity. → reduced input cost per pig  

 ● Breeds of hogs ○ Maternal breeds ■ Typically white (Yorkshire (ears up), American Landrace (downard ears)) ■ Superior reproductive traits ● Fertility, litter size, milk production ○ Paternal breeds ■ Typically colors (durco (light brown), Hampshire (brown and white)) ■ Superior growth traits ● Growth rate, muscling, leannes ○ Commercial swine ■ Usually a cross-bred (Maternal X Paternal) ■ Heterosis ● Sheep Industry (Bell wether- sheep that was the leader of the herd and would wear a bell → human terms used to describe someone who is a leader) ● Products ○ Lamb ○ Wool ○ Milk, gourmet and specialty cheese ○ Hobby industry in US ○ Global importance ○ Mohair from angora Equine Industry # horses in US (millions) Racing

0.75

Showing

2.0

Recreation (riding, driving)

3.0

Transportation / field work

1.25 Total: 7 million



 Sized-based classification:  Draft

15-18 hands ; 1600 - 2200 lb

Light breeds

12-17 hands; 900-1400 lb

ponies

Less than 14.2 hands ; 500 - 900lb

 Temperament-based classification:  Hot blooded

Arabian, thoroughbred

Warm blooded

General riding / sporting breed

Cold blooded

Draft breeds, calm temperment

  VOCAB Equine 1. Hand - measurement of horses (4in = 1 hand) 2. Pony - under 14.2 hand 3. Horse - over 14.2 hands 4. Stallion - intact male 5. Gelding - castrated male 6. Mare - female (maiden mare - has not given birth) 7. Foal - baby 8. Filly - female foal 9. Colt - male foal

 Goat ● Kid - baby goat ● Buck - male goat (billy goat) ● Doe - female goat (nanny goat)  Sheep 1. Wool - fiber that grows rather than hair 2. Ewe - female breeding sheep 3. Ram - intact male 4. Wether - castrated male 5. Fleece- Wool obtained after a sheep is sheered

  Pork 1. Boar - intact male (carries the boar odor which makes it so that it cant be eaten until castrated.) 2. Barrow - Castrated male 3. Gilt - female that has not been pregnant 4. Sow - female that has given birth 5. Farrow - to give birth Farrowing crates - so that the mother does not accidentally lay on and kill the piglets.  Beef Cattle 1. Steer- castrated male - to minimize behavioral problems in feed lots 2. Heifer - Female until has a calf (female are also sent to lot) also bred for breeding purposes. 3. Stocker - weaned calf (male or female) being grown on pasture prior to placement in a feedlot for finishing. 4. Ox - A bovine (beef or dairy cow) trained as a draft animal - more often than not is a castrated male.

 Poultry 1. Hen - mature female chicken/turkey 2. Capon - castrated male chicken 3. Rooster/Cock - mature male chicken 4. Tom - mature male chicken 5. Layer - egg production 6. Broiler - meat production chicken than can lay eggs but is breed for meat 7. Pullet - young female chicken 8. Cockerel - young male chicken 9. Poult - baby turkey 10. Molting - shedding of feathers.

 Dog 1. Bitch - Female dog 2. Dog - Male dog 3. Spayed or neutered - Hysterectomized or Castrated a. Spay - Female b. Neutered - Male 4. Mongrel, Mutt - Mixed breeding    

 Cat 1. Queen - Female cat 2. Tom - Male cat 3. Kittens - baby cats  Companion Animals ● Service to people ○ Guarding ○ Drug-sniffing ○ Seeing eye dogs ○ Catching rodents ● Companionship to people ● Contributions to physical, mental, and social health of humans. Dog Breeds by Category (AKC) ● Sporting Dogs ○ Setters ○ Spaniels ○ Retrievers - Lab and golden ● Hounds ○ Basset ○ Beagle ○ Dachshund ○ Deerhound ○ Wolfhound ● Working Dogs ○ Bernese Mountain Dog ○ Rottweiler ○ Doberman Pinscher ○ Boxer ● Terriers ○ Airedale ○ Scotch ○ Fox ● Toys ○ Chihuahua

○ Pug ○ Toy Poodle ● Non-sporting Dogs ○ Dalmatian ○ Chow ○ Poodle ● Herding dogs ○ Border Collie ○ Sheepdog ○ German Shepherd Cats → Great companions, important role in rodent control  Research ● Animal bred for use in biomedical research ○ Rodents: mice,rats 95% of research animals Zoo ● An institution in which living animals are exhibited in captivity ○ Tourist attractions and recreational facilities ● Most modern zoos ○ Captive breeding programs ○ Conservation study ○ Educational outreach AZA Accreditation (Association of Zoos and Aquariums) ● Currently, 231 zoos in the U.S. accredited by the AZA ● Types of zoos:  ○ Urban ○ Open-range ○ Safari parks ○ Animal theme parks ○ Roadside Animal Welfare: Science, Ethics ● Mind → animals mental state ● Nature → Ability of animals to express important natural behaviors ● Body → Animals physical and biological functioning. ● Science (what is) → how do we give them the best life

○ Human endeavor associated with gaining an understanding and explanation of the universe, its components, functions and processes.  ● Ethics (what should be)→ A set of norms used in everyday social interaction and written into legal or professional codes of practice, religious texts, folk tales, literature and philosophy.  ASCI Notes

12th September, 2019

Biosecurity and Herd Health: Digital Tools for Risk Mitigation Erik Clark and Gabrielle Bucini Biosecurity, risk behavior and communication ● Biosecurity → sanitary procedures designed to reduce the ris of disease outbreaks in farms ● Risk determine level of protection within farms ○ Injury to animals ○ Spread of disease ○ Emergencies ● Human behavior → how people asses and perceived risks, and the factors that influence whether people take action to protect against risks. ● Risk communication → effective and ineffective communication methods to rely the importance and dangers of the risk. Biosecurity project overview ● How do people's actions influence the efficacy of biosecurity ● Can we nudge human behavior? ● Epidemiology → study of the mechanisms of disease and how they are spread Game and discussion ● Digital field experiments → serious games ● Use of simulation of scenarios where risk are involved with incentive to complete the game accurately.

ASCI Notes

17th September, 2019

Animal Assisted Intervention David Townson, PhD University Profess and Animal Science Department Chair

[email protected] What are AAI? (https://petpartners.org/learn/terminology/) ● Goal oriented and structures interventions that intentionally incorporate animals in health, education, and human services. ● Provide therapeutic gains and improved health and wellness ● Consisted of animal assisted therapy (AAT), animal assisted education (AAE) and animal assisted activities (AAA) ● The animal may be part of a volunteer therapy team working under the direction of a professional, or an animal that belongs to the professional himself. AAT ● Structures, goal oriented, planned and documented therapeutic intervention directed by health and human service providers. ● Practitioners typically include physicians, occupational therapists, physical therapists, certified nurses, etc… AAE ● Goal oriented and structures intervention directed by a general education or special education professional ● Academic goals, cognitive functions with student progress being both measured and documented. AAA (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTkfmAYb7Js ) ● Provide opportunities for motivational, educational and/or recreational benefits to enhance the quality of life ● Informal activities delivered by a specially trained professional, paraprofessional and/or volunteers Pet Therapy ● Avoided term because it is inaccurate and misleading. Out dated terms referring to animal training programs What Qualifies as an Animal Therapy ● Bird ● Rats (up to 6mo) ● Guinea pig ● Miniature pig ● Cat ● Equines

● Rabbits (up to 6mo) ● Llama ● Alpacas ● Canines Handler and Animal Requirements ● Animal ○ Human and animal friendly ○ Confirend in new environments, noises and smells ○ Comfortable with being touched ○ Good for grooming ○ Obedient ○ Can walk on a leash ● Handler ○ Be able to read animals body language ○ Demonstrate positive interactions with animal including when cuing ○ Casual professional conversation w the people the handler and animal are interacting with ○ Advocating for the safety and wellbeing of the animal Careers / employment: Service dog Industry ● Breeding ● Fostering ● Training (Dog, Dog and Handlers) ● Veterinary ● Advertising Careers / employment: AAI ● Health Care Providers ○ Occupational therapists ○ Therapy assistants ○ Recreation therapist ○ Nurses ○ Nurses aides ○ Physical therapists ○ Therapy aids ○ Counselors ○ Social workers ● Education ○ Special ed teachers ○ Teachers ○ Reading specialists

● Other ○ Program managers ○ Residential coordinators ASCI Notes

19th September, 2019

Equine Assisted Therapy Tim Hayes, DVM, PhD University Veterinarian (www.hayesisforhorses.com ) (www.ridinghome.com )

ASCI Notes

26th September, 2019

Dairy / Milking David Townson, PhD Universi...