Anthropology Finals Review PDF

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Anthropology Finals Review Week 1: What is Anthropology -Anthropology is the study of people and cultures of the present and past It is a comparative science that examines all societies, ancient and modern, simple and complex -General Anthropology= 4 Fields: Socio-cultural, Archaeological, Biological, and Linguistic 1. Cultural Anthropology: The study of human society and culture, the subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets and explains social and cultural similarities and differences -Ethnography: provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture (Based study on a specific culture/group Ex: field work) -Ethnology: examines, compares, analyzes, and interprets the results of ethnography- the data gathered in different societies -Ethnologists use such data to compare and contrast and to make generalizations about society and culture 2. Archaeological Anthropology: reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains At sites where people live or have lived, archaeologists find artifacts- material items that humans have made, used, or modified- such as tools, weapons, campsites, buildings, and garbage -Ecology: the study of interrelations among living things in an environment -Historical Archaeology: written documentation of the past -Experimental archaeology: recreating material culture of the past 3. Biological: human biological diversity in time and space The focus on biological variation unites 5 special interests within biological anthropology: Human evolution as revealed by the fossil record (paleoanthropology), Human genetics, Human biological plasticity (the body’s ability to change as it copes with stresses such as heat, cold, and altitude), The biology evolution behavior and social life of monkey apes and other nonhuman primates -Osteology: the study of bones- helps paleoanthropologists who exam skulls, teeth, and bones, to identify human ancestors and to chart changes in anatomy over time 4. Linguistic Anthropology: studies languages in its social and cultural context, across space and over time. Some linguistic anthropology make inferences about universal features of language, linked perhaps to uniformities in the human brain. Other reconstruct ancient languages by comparing their contemporary descendants in so doing making discoveries about history Still others study linguistic differences to discover carried perceptions and patterns of thought in different cultures -Applied Anthropology: application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problemsEx: medical fields, marketing etc

Week 2:Culture, Urbanism and Anthropology -Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (The beliefs, patterns, and values shared by a group of people) -Culture is learned: Formal= Teaching Informal= observed/experienced -Culture is symbolic: A symbol is something verbal or nonverbal, within a particular language or culture that comes to stand for something else. -Culture is shared: Culture is an attribute not of individuals per se but of individuals as members of groups Ex: same core values -Changes affect culture: if one part of the system changes, other parts change as well Ex: Women in the workplace  children in day care, more divorces, technology Maladaptive= the negative effect of the change Ex: Cars creating pollution -Universality: found in very culture= general to most humans -Globalization: encompasses a series of processes that work transnationally to promote change in a world in which nations and people are increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent. -Ethnocentrism: tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to apply one’s own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures -Transnationalism: process by which immigrants have multi-stranded social relations that link their societies of origin and one of settlement What is Urbanism? -A city is a relatively large, dense, and permanent settlement of heterogeneous individuals Everything in the city is designed by architects, government officials… -Theory of Urbanism: There are a number of sociological propositions concerning the relationship between the numbers of population, density of settlement, heterogeneity of inhabitants and group life 1. Size of Population: Increase in the number of inhabitants of a community beyond a few hundred is bound to limit the possibility of each member of the community knowing all the others personally. (There is huge growth but we have not taken care of those already in the city) If population keeps growing but conditions are not improving= more slums 1/3 of the urban space = slums without sanitation and water  from the film Urbanized 2. Density: Increase in density tends to produce differentiation and specialization since only in this way can the area support increased numbers We are exposed to glaring contrasts between splendor and squalor, between riches and poverty, intelligence and ignorance, order and chaos. 3. Heterogeneity: Local areas within the city, people become segregated more by virtue of differences in race, language, income, and social status, than through choice or positive attraction to people like themselves

Week 3:Early Urbanization/Origin of Cities -Preindustrial societies: Savagery, Barbarians, Civilization 1. Savagery: (Paleolithic)live in wild, food from hunting collecting and fishing 2. Barbarians: (Neolithic): Farming and raising animals 3. Civilization: -10 Attributes of early cities and states: 1. The first cities were larger and more densely populated than previous settlements 2. Full time specialist craftsmen, transport workers, merchants, officials, and priests 3. Each primary producer had to pay a tax to a king; those contributions were stored in a central place, such as a temple or treasury 4. Monumental buildings distinguished cities from villages 5. Supported by the treasury priests, civil officials, and military leaders made up a ruling class 6. Writing was used for record keeping 7. Predictive sciences developed, including arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy 8. Sophisticated art styles developed, expressed in sculpture, painting, and architecture 9. There was a long distance and foreign trade 10. Society = territorial divisions rather than kinship groups -Irrigation: use canals etc for farming rather than depending only on weather -Primary State: states that come up on their own (Mesopotamia, Inca, China) -Early States: Interacting with other cultures (Rome, Greece) War --> taking over other societies - First town was Jericho, located in modern day Isreal. It was an unplanned, densely populated settlement with round houses and some 2,000 people. It has a sturdy wall (maybe for flood barrier) and a massive tower. First Houses: Chimney=Door, Clean living space inside, Buried people under their living rooms When houses were destroyed, new ones were built on top Week 4: Early Urbanism -Industrial working class (London) in large urban cities were far worse than those who live in the country side. - The working class at that time lived in much greater poverty than their historical counterparts -Working class worked long hours (used to be 60 hours a week) -Developers want to make the most money out of the least amount of space (12,000 people in 1,500 houses) There were no running water because system takes too much space, No Windows -Victorian Slum House: 1860s to 20th century West= Wealthy East= Slum Skill workers can afford to have a bath and stove while unskilled families live all in 1 room 1/3 income spent on rent and 2/3 income on food (extremely expensive: buy bread by slice) -Poorest of all rent a bedspace in Dusk House but if didn't pay rent= sleep on rope Someone hired to manage Dust House and receives free accommodation

Week 5: Early Sociological Approaches -1870s Chicago= Center of industrial context and the height of industrial revolution Poleman Railroad Strike shutdown the nation (Chicago School or Urban Anthropology) -Weber Max- The Nature of the City To constitute a full urban community, a settlement must display a relative predominance of trade commercial relations with the settlement as a whole displaying the following features: 1. Fortification(actual wall) 2. Market 3. Court 4. Government 5. at least partial independence and thus also an administration by authorities in the election of which the citizens participated -Growth of city into social aspects, business aspects, mobility -City grows starting from the center and moves outwards Most center = Business--> Workers railroads, transportation for trade --> Next zone of industry --> Middle class housing --> High class housing -The Black Metropolis: Migration to the closest big city and conflict for jobs Segregation: The non-skilled immigrants come to US for a living but the soldiers from WW2 are also back, there's also migrants within the US - Culture Capital: aspects of what you or your culture/status looks like (Your material items reflecting social/cultural aspects about you) -Diaspora: Group of people that come here and continue their culture Ex: Jewish diaspora Week 6: Urban Poverty and Underclass Approach -Ascribe: Given at birth (status at birth) -Place-making: planning, designing, and creating public spaces Ex: Parks, Memorials -Prejudice: individual opinion towards a group (thought) Racism: institutional (action) -Chinatown was created so Europeans can separate themselves -Chinese immigrants come and settle where they are comfortable- people with the same culture and also where most of the jobs are (unskilled) -In Canada there's a tax for Chinese immigrants and In US is the Chinese Exclusion Act -The Chinese gambled and used opium -The Canadians didn't view the Japanese in the same way because Japan was economically equal with them and that the Japanese obeyed their laws --> shows power wishes The Culture of Poverty: -Lewis believes that generational loop creates poverty culture, gangs, female as head of household to control the finances, different in different areas -Goode doesn't believe in the culture of poverty. He thinks it can be fixed from the bottom up 1. Coping Strategies: Everyone in the family gets low paying jobs and pool their money together; They DIY things around the house and buy second hand goods; Work off the books 2. Family Structure: Single mother --> aid for single parents; Stay and live with people other than biological family + Network: you help me, I help u 3. Underclass: Government programs only help you get by very limited, still not enough

--> Selling drugs because that is the best source of income 4. Victims of structural violence: Week 7: Ethnographic Fieldwork -Urbanization: Process of adjusting to urban life/Process of making an area more urban -Urbanism: the way of life in cities Week 8/Week 11: Globalization and City as Theme Park/Disneyfication -Globalization: Cities around the world evolving through technology; Evolution of cities and technology keeping up with each other through trade; The Intensification -Global cities are linked to a guiding global economy and are ranked on 5 criteria: business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience and political engagement -Four major impacts of globalization on cities 1. End of industrial era-economic purpose 3. Lack of global connections 2. Place based city takes advantage of natural resources 4. Future of cities: finance themself -Three types of Cities: Global-utilization of technology where the world flocks to Regional- healthy cities, magnets in the region, but can't compete globally Rest- cities that aren't healthy and are sort of in a downward spiral -Aerotropolises: Airports are the key to keeping things global; Declining cities can put airports towards the center of the city and build upwards and out (Central city commercial core) -Shrinking Cities: Shrink a city to rebuild -Building a place for residents=things people living there need Building a place for tourist=more entertainment -4 Ways in which places to play were different from the 1970s to now (1) Scale of Entertainment is a lot greater now and a lot more money spent on projects (2) Going from residents to visitors --> build hotels, restaurants, banks, travel (3)The pace and variety of construction have increased (4) Demographic and economic context is different (Taxpayers pay for the projects) -Bread and Circuits: as long as you give people food and entertainment, they'll be happy It refers to Roman period entertainment and appeasement to citizens with food; Superficial means of appeasement -Amusement parks and theme parks are a way to escape from reality -Disneyfication: transformation of society to resemble theme parks of Walt Disney (Stripping away from reality and repackaging something in a more sanitized pleasant way) --> Generally used in a negative way to imply homogenization, consumption, merchandizing, and emotional labor (not just service providers but also entertainers) -Closed Communities: intentionally limits links with outsiders and outside communities- could be for religious, ethnic, or political reasons or could just be trying to sanitize/disneyfy a community -Redlining: denying service either directly or through raising prices (base on race/ other factor)

Banks rank people of risk from A-D when deciding to give a mortgage loan or not. Most African Americans are ranked D and do not qualify for the loans so they cannot buy the house in that area -White Flight: white people moving out of an area (typically from cities to suburbs)

Week 12 + 13: Gentrification -Gentrification: 1. The buying and renovation of houses and stores in deteriorated urban neighborhoods by upper-or-middle-income families or individuals, raising property values but often displacing low-income families and small businesses 2. The process of conforming to an upper or middle class lifestyle or of making a product, activity, etc., appeal to those with more affluent tastes Ex: The gentrification of fashion -Frontier: the part of a country that borders another country; boundary; border or: the limit of knowledge of the most advanced achievement in a particular field -Urban Frontier: -Tompkins Square Park: 1834: Land donated by John Jacob Astor and park became a venue for mass meetings of workers and unemployed 1873: Symbol of resistance. After financial collapse it was the site of a protest march 1874: Redesigned for escape & created a more controlled space- Playground & fountain added 1950s: hang out for Beat poets 1960s: redesigned by Robert Moses 1960s/70s: counterculture movement, hippies, then punks -Myth: (Roland Barthes and Richard Slotkin's idea) Myth is constituted by the loss of historical quality of things and history becomes a cliche -Ideology of frontier myth: rationalizes social differentiation and exclusion as natural and inevitable; The neighborhood needs to be "tamed". The poor and working class are too easily defined as "uncivil", on the wrong side of a heroic dividing line, as savages and communists -My Brooklyn: Downtown Brooklyn Fulton Mall makeover forcing the stores to close, building residential buildings, Rich whites dont understand downtown brooklyn & want to take it down Authenticity: Generally refers to having undisputed origin -Zukin: Origin refers not to which group settled in a neighborhood earliest. Origin suggests instead of a moral right to the city that enables people to put down roots. (Gentrification takes away authenticity) Soul is lost when continuity is broken -Super-Gentrification: gentrification of areas where the affluent middle class sell their restored homes to the uber rich

Week 14: City vs Mother Nature

Disaster= Need to call for outside help Emergency= Can be taken care of in the local range Disaster aid being used to redevelop the cities based on tourism and marketing Uneven redevelopement based on uneven development 2 Major Disasters: 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina -9-11: Question of rebuilding/how to rebuild or make it a full memorial (lots of controvercy) -Hurricane Katrina: 8/29/05 Evacuation came late- no appropriate plan, not enough public transporation Flooding was a big problem because they used short levy Over 739 deaths in 5 days Natural but devastation directly related to preparedness and response -3 contribution to high mortality rate: Gov shut off utilities, increase in violence, vulnerable pop -2 processes that will increase future disaster: Retirement of State (budget cut) + Marginality (climate change) -Pattern to demographic of high death: Disband community= more death Connected= less death -Media produced what people want to hear -From time of event to news=short time period= not enough information + not expert in field Week 15: Post-Modern City and Beyond -Modernism: describes the modernist movement, set of cultural tendencies and array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide scale and fear reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (In general, the term modernism encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in new economic, social, political conditions of fully industrial world -Modernism is marked by a strong and intentional break with tradition including a strong reaction against established religious, political and social views -Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism -British Modernism: Horrors of WWI became the catalyst for Modernist movement in literature and art -American Modernism: "Lost Generation" American writers of 1920s brought Modernism to

the US. American Modernists rejected traditional institutions and forms -Post-Modernism: a philosophical movement away from the viewpoint of modernism--> Western world society is outdated lifestyle disguise under impersonal & faceless bureaucracies It is a point of departure for works of literature, drama, architecture, cinema, journalism, and design, marketing and business, law, culture, and religion in the late 20 & early 21 century It is often associated with difference, plurality, textually, and skepticism -Urban Structure: Modern= Homogenous functional zoning, dominant commercial center, steady decline of land values away from center Post-Modern= Chaotic multi-nodal structure, highly spectacular centers, large areas of poverty -Architecture: Modern= Functional architecture, mass production of styles Postmodern: multiple styles, spectacular, playful, use of heritage, produced for specialist market -Urban Gov: Modern= redistribution of resources for social purposes, public provision of essential services Postmodern: entrepreneurial use of resources to lure more mobile capital and investment in, public/private partnerships, market provision of services -Economy: Modern=Industrial, Mass production, production based, economics of scale Postmodern=service-sector based, flexible production aimed at niche markets, economies of scope, globalized, telecommunications based, consumption driven -Urban Planning: Modern=Cities planned in totality, space is shaped for social means Postmodern= space is fragmented and designed for aesthetic rather than social means -Society: Modern=Class division, internal homogeneity within class groups Postmodern= highly fragmented, lifestyle visions, social polarization, groups distinguished by consumption patterns -Neoliberal City: city whose mode of governance, social structure and spatial development express the neoliberal vision of a free market utopia. Economic progress springs from individual initiative and unfettered markets in land, labor, and money. Government is modeled on enterprise, the citizen on the consumer and governance on business management -The neoliberal approach to urban development is usually conceptualized as a global orthodoxy in which the more cities seek to produce distinction between places they more they succeed in sameness -Creative City: a city built upon the creative classes, people seeking a passionate quest for experience, is ...