Cultural Anthropology Final Exam Review PDF

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A study guide for the Final Exam of the course...

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Final Review: Theory and method - Linguistic anthropology - Archeology - Physical anthropology - Cultural anthropology  Holistic  try to understand every aspect of the human experience by comparing  Comparative  Ethnography  go and stay with the people and try to understand what they do, when you write about it and publish it that is ethnography  Ethnology  a collection of ethnography  Ethnocentrism  thinking that your culture is the best  Cultural relativism  not going to use your criteria to judge culture, going to study it on your own  Naïve realism  everybody thinks the same  Emic//Etic  emic is native point of view, etic is bird’s point of view: observing  Participant observation  try to be in the thick of things meaning they try to participate with the natives in their activities  The genealogical method  Key cultural consultant  people that you interview multiple times from the society  Multi-sited ethnography  follow the people and where they go, people move around  Cultural consultant  people you interview to get native point of view  Longitudinal Studies  anthropologist go back over and over to see how things change, culture changes Culture  acquired, this is enculturation. Acculturation is when cultures live side by side and culture springs up from a mix of both of the cultures - Shared - Learned - Symbolic  everything you’ve ever learned is stored in your head in the form of symbols, coded like this so that you can zip to that thought - All-encompassing  everything is part of your culture - Integrated  a change in one part of culture can lead to cascading affects in other parts of culture - Adaptive  culture can help us survive and adapt - Maladaptive  not all cultures are adaptive  Enculturation  Elements of culture: - Tacit and explicit  Mechanisms of cultural change: - Diffusion - Acculturation  culture’s living together bring new things - Independent invention

Culture and Nature  Universal traits  comes from nature - Biological  mating throughout the year, same in every society because of evolution - Psychological  in all societies people want company - Cultural  all societies people use culture to survive  General traits  common but not shared by all cultures - Particularities  unique characteristics Race – not universal, only exists where Europeans went  Human biological diversity  Evolution of skin color  Evolution of Epicantic fold  connection between environment, humans, etc  Evolution of body size/ shape  Phenotype  what you can see  Genotype  what you cannot see Race and Ethnicity  The social construction of race  Race, power and the economy  Descent  Hypodescent  Practice of automatically classifying the offspring of a mixed racial union to the lowest racial value (i.e. white mom and black dad, child considered black)  Race in the United States  used race to stratify society  Race in Japan  race is in your blood, also used race to stratify  Race in Brazil  tipos, describes physical diversity of people  Race as a folk Taxonomy  ways that people have of classifying people in society (not scientific) Ethnicity  Achieved status  Ascribed status  Ethnic group  Origin myth  myth that explains why a race is a way that they are  Myth of common descent  believed to be descended from previous ancestors Ethnicity  Ethnocentric  thinking that your culture is the best  Genocide  complete eradication  Ethnocide  killing the culture of an individual  Essentializing  negative stereotypes on entire groups of people  Ethnic cleansing  killing groups that are in a certain area  Cultural colonialism  colonizing people’s minds and spirits Race  Assimilation   Melting Pot v.  mixed to the point where cultures aren’t as visible  Salad bowl  various cultures  Multiculturalism  every single ethnic group has to contribute to society

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Ethnocentrism Nativism  the only people who should have rights are people who are born here Nation-states v.  exists for a primary ethnicity, if you live in a nation-state ethnicity and nationality tend to be the same Multiethnic states  exists for multiple ethnicities Nationality v.  whatever your passport says Ethnicity  ethnic background State  has a government and borders

Religion  Animatism  Animism  don’t believe in gods or anything but everything has a spirit in it  Polytheism  Monotheism - Societies with agriculture and governments have the last two religions - Hunter and gatherers have the first two religions Key terms  Anomie  Communitas  intense sense of togetherness, feeling of them being in the same communities  Cultural Materialism  Mana  Trance  Shaman  Totemism  animism  Taboos  religious prohibitions  Rituals - Rites of passage pilgrimage 1. Separation 2. Liminality 3. Reintegration - Communitas - Rites of intensification 1. About community and coming together  Revitalization movements  society in prolonged crisis, charismatic people start leading 1. Going back to traditional culture 2. Give up our ways and follow others ways to improve their world 3. Utopias, inventing something new  Cargo cults  pretending to be European to receive cargo  Blended religions  religions coming together to make a new religion  New age movements Kinship

Key terms  Kinship  Family universals  Exogamy  marry from outside your group  Endogamy  marry from within your own group  Family of orientation  family that raises you  Family of procreation  family that you make  Extended families  living with multiple generations under the same roof  Blended families  i.e. divorce and you have kids and you get married with someone who also has kids, now blended family  Nuclear families  Neolocality  Matrilocality  group membership and items go to the females  Patrilocality  group membership and items go to the males Key Terms  Descent  Clans  don’t have proof  Lineages  evidence that you were related  Kinship patterns  Patrilineal  Matrilineal  group membership and belongings passed down from mother to daughter  Bilateral  group membership and property is passed down to both sides  Bilineal   Parallel descent  property is passed down from father to son and mother passes down to female  Ambilineal  when you get to choose if you descend from mom or dad’s side of the family Functions of marriage  universal  Types of marriage - Monogamy  only one partner in life - Serial monogamy  get with many people with only once in a life - Polygamy  man with multiple wives - Polyandry  woman with multiple husbands  Bridewealth (progeny price)  women are valued, man’s side of the family gives wealth to wife’s side  Dowry  women are burden and woman’s side of family pays for the marriage  Sororate  if woman dies the man can be with her sister in exchange  Levirate  vice versa of sororate  The male breadwinner family  public dichotomy *Nuclear family ended in great prosperity Key terms  Sex

 Gender  Primary sexual characteristics  Secondary sexual characteristics  Sexual dimorphism  Intersexed  mix of male and female reproductive organs  Transgender  person does not identify with gender given to them at birth  Third gender Gender  Gender roles  behaviors society expects you to exhibit based on what gender you are given at birth  Gender socialization  Gender division of labor  Domestic/public dichotomy  created gender division of labor and gender stratification  Heteronormativity  only two genders, men and women  Binary conception of gender  “ “  Gender stratification  Increased gender stratification  Reduced gender stratification Key terms  Economy  Production  Modes of production  style of economy  Means of production  control wealth  Social relations  this is economy  Types of economies (adaptive strategies) - Foragers - Horticulture - Agriculture  surplus, stratification, civilization, cities - Pastoralism - Industrialization  Modes of production - Agrarian - Feudal  everything belongs to king and lord - Capitalism  everything belongs to boss - Communist  everything belongs to the government  Civilization  division of labor  Stratification  Colonialism  create commodities (things made to sell) and extract resources, this process happened with violence  Imperialism  Domestic system   Industrialism

 Urbanization Key terms  Social strata  Superordinate  top classes  Subordinate  bottom classes  Social stratification  Open systems and closed systems of stratification  Class  Class system // caste system  Open system // closed system  Social mobility  Upwards  Downwards  Intergenerational  Intragenerational  Structural  vicious (less taxes on rich) and virtuous (more taxes on the rich) cycle, when social mobility go up and down because of economy Key terms  Fordism  high wages for workers  The Great prosperity (1947-1977)  gave us suburbanization  The Virtuous cycle The modern world system  Globalization  The vicious cycle  Post-industrialism  Outsourcing  Offshoring  Colonialism  Neocolonialism  Suburbanization  Gentrification  Modernization theory  if they change their ways and follow bigger economies ways of being they will become wealthier  Dependency theory...