Final Anthropology Exam Guide PDF

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The exam guide for the final of the semster. ...

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could someone post the quizlet one last time?? :) http://quizlet.com/42762445/anthro-final-flash-cards/ Archaic Homo sapiens - What are the features of present day Homo sapiens?  arge cranial capacity, high vertical forehead, small or no brow ridges, small L faces,teeth, canine fossa, and chin. Prominent Mastoid process (Bony Bone Behind your ear) and small occipital bun. Homo Heidelbergensis - What are some of the features? Derived? Ancestral? Derived: increased brain size, more rounded cranial vault Ancestral:Large continuous brow ridges, large face, thick cranium, skull longer than its wide, occipital torus, no chin. Also know that there is evidence they controlled re, and built simple shelters - They exploited various food sources. How do we know they hunted? Spears found in Germany and next to them horse bones. - What is the Mousterian Industry (Levallois technique)? Use of prepared core to produce uniform flakes. Evidence of foresight and planning as well as abstract thinking Neanderthals - What parts of the world are they found in? E  urope, middle east and parts of asia - What is their cranial capacity? F  emales 1300cc, males 1600cc - What is their morphology? (mid-facial prognathism, occipital bun, brow-ridge)! No chin or canine fossa. Mid-facial prognathism, brow ridge,forehead rises more vertically. - In which ways are they adapted for the cold? Wide nasal aperture,short, stocky yet massive, barrel-chested,larger infraorbital foramen, found in caves,use of fire,used hides (no evidence of sewing) - What tool industries were used? Mousterian Industry: Used complex tool making of the upper paleolithic. - Heavy meat diet? Butchered remains abundant in all Neanderthal sites. - What evidence do we have regarding neanderthal speech (symbology, morphology)? H  yoid bone as firm evidence for speech capacity, and perforated marine shells with pigment paint found in Spain (jewelry can represent concepts or ideas) - What do we know from the Old Man of La-Chappelle? The community took care of each other. they took care of him. He lived well beyond his years even though he did not contribute to group because of injuries, he died because of a cave collapse. - Burial of their dead? Why? What evidence do we have of possible cannibalism?

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Burial of dead in fetal position - they cared for them. Scrape marks on bones, marrow in bone was exposed with hammer-on-anvil technique. - Who are Denisova? 2 They are Paleolithic-era members of a species of Homo or subspecies of Homo sapiens. - Lumpers? Splitters? splitters: divide species up into numerous categories based on small, minor differences.(Said Some Erectus, Heidelbergensis, and Neanderthal were regional variations of a single interbreeding species) lumpers: More generalized division of species. (Said Erectus, Heidelbergensis, and Neanderthal were all distinct species) Primate IQ - What does Richard Bryne argue a measure on intelligence should be? Problem-solving capacity: allows primates to respond effectively to new situations - What are the three different theories about the rise of intelligence? Which one is most likely? Social Intelligence Theory 1. Technical Intelligence Tool use - requires forethought; * probably not because tool use appeared after brain size increased 2. Ecological Intelligence - selective advantage of finding food * contested: there are a lot of successful foragers with small brains 3. Social Intelligence - large brain size resulted from coping with (and exploiting) social relationships. Deception is the key. Ex. Beethoven who was courting a female tricks the dominant by displaying aggression, running away, hiding, and coming back for the female - What is unique about deception? The individual must possess the ability to place oneself into the mind of others - Theory of Mind. This is necessary for possessing an awareness of the knowledge of cognitive ability of others. Teaching as opposed to imitating. Origin and Dispersal - How long ago did our species start? 200kya - Where are the rst remains found? What are they called? Herto skull and kabwe skull. found in Africa - What are the three theories on how we dispersed throughout the old world? Which one is correct? ● Assimilation model (*correct*)- Gene pool of non-African populations assimilated into expanding populations of modern humans out of Africa ● African replacement model- Spread throughout Old World and replaced pre-existing Homo populations outside of Africa.

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Multi regional model- Modern humans arise through gene ow. Modern human anatomy appeared in multiple locations with slight variations. - Are we related to Neanderthals? If so, how much? Eurasians and neanderthals share 1-4 % of their nuclear DNA Tools - What time periods are mentioned? lower paleolithic- oldowan/achulean middle paleolithic- mousterian upper paleolithic- blade technology - What are the new tool methods? What new materials are used? Tools made to make other tools. Microliths, Atlatl, Burin. Bone and Antler became more common as tools. Art - What are the two types of art? Mural art (cave paintings, mostly of animals) and Portable art (venus figurines, well-fed, pregnant women) - What can we learn from cave paintings? * Belief in the supernatural * Sympathetic hunting * Fertility magic - What do burials tell us? There were thoughts of afterlife Leaving the Old World! - Why did we leave? Four reasons: Population increase Disappearance of food resources Increased competition for food Climate deterioration - How did we get to the southeast? Anyone Know this?? - How did we get to Australia? We migrated through Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania because they were all one land mass due to lower sea levels, or boats(but there is no evidence) - Little people of Flores? People found in Indonesia who were 3.5 feet tall on average. First found was “Flow”, little Lady of Flores - What lesson do we learn from Easter Island? Using resources too fast will doom population? Yes, they used up all of the island’s Trees and had no resources left e.g. Wood, palm leaves, nuts, etc. - What are some of the similarities between East Asians and Native Americans? Shovel Shaped incisors

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Type O blood type 95% share one of four haplogroups - How did we come to the new world? Land bridge available at around 15 kya, Beringia - What is the oldest material culture found in the New World? clovis culture - Fluted Points - Kennewick Man? ldest evidence in the new world. argument over who gets to own his remains o - EQ? Encephalization Quotient : “EQ” – the ratio of actual brain size of a species to its expected brain size, generally the higher the EQ of a species, the greater its intelligence Agriculture - When and where did agriculture start, where did it “spread” to? (There are seven locations) - approximately 10,000 years ago in the fertile crescent 1 Near East FERTILE CRESCENT Domesticated wheat around 9 kya 2 in Asia 1. South China 8 kya 2. North China 7-8 kya 1 Sub-Saharan Africa 4 kya Rice, millet 3 in the Americas 1. E  astern North America/United States 4.5 kya 2. Central Mexico Oaxaca-domesticated squash seeds at 9 kya 3. South Central Andes 7 kya - What were the rst animals and plants to be domesticated? dogs, goat, sheep, and cattle, wild grains - What were the theories as to why agriculture emerged?: 3 cannot be simply understood in terms of the environment and population •n  atural habitat hypothesis-based on the proposal that the earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors lived •o  asis hypothesis- theory that suggests a circumstance in which plants, animals, and humans would have clustered in confined areas near water •p  opulation pressure hypothesis- theory that says that increasing populations require people to get more food therefore people domesticated plants and animals • s ocial hypothesis- theory that is based on the argument that the transition to farming, food storage, and surplus is a matter of social power and politics - What are the drawbacks and benets of agriculture? Benefits: -allowed for population growth

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-formed the foundation of complex societies: rise of cities, art, literature, new technologies, where we are today -decrease in birth intervals Drawbacks: -population growth: crowded areas = decreased sanitation, malnutrition, spread of pathogens -biological changes: reduction in the face (more gracile), less demand of chewing, limitation and decline of bone growth, teeth became less aligned and had more carries, increase in osteoarthritis -environmental degradation: overuse of land = erosion, use of wood for fuel ruined forests and vegetation, extinction of species (overhunting & destruction of habitats), more waste -increased violence, large scale warfare Jericho One of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, located near the Jordan River in the West Bank What do we know when children are buried with grave goods? - It indicates their social status. Archaeology - What is culture? learned behavior transmitted from one generation to the next - What are the steps in archaeology? 1. field work first begins with what is known about the land. Relevant written material. local knowledge about the area. 2. Survey- a systematic search of the landscape for artifacts by using maps, aerial photography, field walking, soil analysis, and Geophysical prospecting(GPR, Metal detectors) 3. Excavation- the exposure and recording of buried materials - What are some of the ethical issues? 1. Stewardship - the archaeological record is irreplaceable. 2. Publication - all findings should be made available to the public 3. Commercialization - buying and selling contributes to the destruction of the archaeological record - What are some careers? Teaching, tourism, and CRM (cultural resources management) Present Day - What are some of the impacts of Industrial Revolution? Agricultural Revolution? ● switching from wood to coal ● technological innovations led to profound shifts in human lifestyle ○ manufacturing on a large scale

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large scale agriculture large amounts of food the cost of it ○ increase use of fossil fuels ○ using large amounts of water faster than can be sustained ○ toxic runoff ○ arms race with insecticides and herbicides - Global warming? 1. Diminishing ice masses -85% decrease in Mount Kilimanjaro -Shrinking polar ice caps leads to rising sea levels 2. Temperature fluctuations—heavily influences biology -Heat waves -Frigid winters -Extreme storms 3. Shifting patterns of precipitation -Increase in dryness in -American Southwest -Midwest -Northern Mexico -Caribbean -Mediterranean -Increase in precipitation high altitude- Northeastern US and Europe -Shift in areas of crop production 4. Is it Real? -People argue that global warming is not really happening -Global warming is just the natural cycle of the earth -Species will adapt or go extinct, people adjust What are we doing to our oceans? Increase in acidity -Death of the Great Barrier Reef -Extinction of sea life -Large amounts of waste being dumped -Great Pacific Garbage Patch How about nuclear energy? 1. Used in the production of electricity 2. Large amounts of highly toxic waste created -Uranium-235 -Plutonium-239 -Radioactive acids and bases -One reactor generates 20 to 30 tons of high-level nuclear waste a year 3. Hanford-56 million gallons of radioactive waste 4. Where to put it?

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-They don’t know - What changes do we see in our species? 1. Trend towards increased body weight 2. Americans have on average become taller and heavier 3. Rise in obesity as a result of readily available foods high in fat and sugar 4. Obesity linked with many health problems Bioarchaeology - What can bioarchaeology tell us about a population? Sex and age distribution Nutritional health and metabolic disorders Types of diet Prevalence of certain pathologies Patterns of trauma - accidents or violence Occupation Cultural practices/mortuary practices/social status etc. - Know the basics of the skeletal system, function and categories, types (long bones, etc), and anatomy. ● Function of the Skeleton? ○ protect and support soft tissues and organs ○ anchor muscles ○ produce movement ○ red blood cell production ● skeletal segments ○ skull ○ axial skeleton ■ ribs, vertebra, pelvis ○ appendicular skeleton ■ legs, arms, and shoulder girdle ● Types of bones ○ long bones - arms, legs, fingers ○ flat bones - scapula, skull bones ○ irregular bones - spine, jaw ● Bones anatomy ○ compact bone ■ cortical bone - dense bone located on the outside ○ spongy bone ■ cancellous bone, trabecular bone - softer bone located inside - Know what bones belong in what parts of the body. ● skull ○ parietals (bones on the side) ○ frontal (in the front) ○ occipital (in the back bottom)

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○ temporal (around the ear) Facial bones ○ maxilla ○ mandible (jaw bone) ○ zygomatic bone (under the eye) ● appendicular skeleton ○ arm ■ humerus ■ ulna ■ radius ○ legs ■ femur ■ tibia ■ fibula ○ axial skeleton ■ pelvis ● innominate (side) ● sacrum (middle back) ■ ribs ■ vertebrae ○ teeth ■ hardest part of the human skeleton ● only part of the skeleton that is exposed to the environment ● preserves the best in archaeological record ● high degree of genetic control - What are the directional terms (superior, inferior, etc.)? Superior: towards the head Inferior: towards the feet Posterior: back Anterior: front medial- towards the midline lateral- away from the midline proximal- limb bones close to the body (Closer to the body) distal- limb bones away from the body (like fingers, toes) - What are the major disruptions to the skeleton (TB, Treponematosis, etc.)? lesions, cuts, holes, ● anemia ● tuberculosis ● treponematosis Forensics - What are the ten questions a forensic anthropologist asks? 1. Are the remains human? 2. Do they represent a single individual or the commingled remains of several? ●

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3. When did death occur? 4. How old was the decedent? 5. What was the decedent’s sex? 6. What was the decedent’s race? 7. What was the decedent’s stature, body weight, physique? 8. Do the remains exhibit any anatomical anomalies? 9. What was the cause of death? 10. What was the manner of death? - What parts of the skeleton can you use to determine age? * Growth and development (ex. skull) * Dental development * Suture fusion (bone fuse and suture becomes indistinguishable) * Pubic symphysis - Change of morphology in the symphysis - More beveled means younger - Rougher means older Cartilage turning into bone - What parts of the skeleton can you use to determine sex? Skull is vague, so the pelvis is used; females have a rounder structure (wider hips) to allow child-birth while males are heart-shaped - What are the different types of trauma we see on skeletal remains? * Parry fracture * Depressed skull fracture * Dislocation * Broken radii * Broken sacrum sharp force trauma- like a knife blunt force trauma- like a bat or a car projectile trauma- like a bullet - What are the different timings for injuries? Antemortem: before death Perimortem: at/around the time of death Postmortem: after death MNI: minimum number of individuals * can be done on site * often done in the lab * counting bones that could only be used from one individuals - Ex. 2 left femurs (must be 2 individuals)...