Final Exam Study Guide PDF

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Daniel Ciomek, ISYS 363 Final Exam Study Guide ...

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Chapter 1 1.

Big Data: a. Extremely large and complex data sets, b. High volume, high variety, and high velocity 2. Chief Information Officer: a. Head of the information systems department. b. Someone who understands the technology and knows how to utilize it to help advance the business. 3. Computer Literacy: a. The knowledge and ability to utilize computers and related technology efficiently. 4. Data vs. Information: a. Data is the root and purpose of information systems b. Data is raw facts c. Alone, raw data is not very useful d. When processed, data transforms into information e. Information is a collection of facts organizes and processed so that they have additional value beyond the value of the individual facts 5. Digital Divide: a. Those with access to information systems have great advantages over those that don’t 6. Hardware/Software: a. Components of information systems b. Hardware: Physical computer equipment used to perform input, processing, storage, and output activities c. Software: Program(s) that tell the computer to perform certain tasks 7. Information Privacy: a. What information an individual should have to reveal to others in the workplace or through other transactions 8. Internet of Things: a. A broad range of physical objects that can automatically share data over the internet b. Can range from car tires equipped with a pressure sensor to a cow with an injectable ID chip 9. Knowledge Worker: a. Professionals who are relatively well educated and who create, modify, and/or synthesize knowledge as a fundamental part of their jobs 10. Outsourcing: a. The moving of business processes or tasks (Such as accounting, manufacturing, security) to another company or country b. Same task can be done somewhere else for less c. Key Reasons for Outscoring: i. Reduce or control costs, Free up internal resources, Gain access to world-class capabilities, increase the revenue potential of the organization, reduce time to market, increase process efficiencies, to focus on core activities, compensate for a lack of specific capabilities or skills 11. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) a. Processes customer transactions more efficiently b. An organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to perform and record business transactions

Chapter 2 12. Executive Level: a. Upper management b. Aggregates summaries of past organizational data and projections of the future c. Aims to improve organizational strategy and planning 13. Managerial Level a. Middle management and functional managers b. Automates the monitoring and controlling of operational activities c. Aims to improve organizational effectiveness 14. Operational Level: a. Operational employees, foremen, supervisors b. Automate routines and repetitive activities and events c. Aims to improve organizational efficiency 15. Key Performance Indicator (KPI): a. Displayed on digital dashboards b. Critical to assessing progress towards a certain goal 16. Moore’s Law: a. States that processor speeds or overall processing power for PCS will double every two years 17. Porter’s Five Forces: a. Buyer Power b. Supplier Power c. Threat of substitute products or services d. Threat of new entrants e. Rivalry among existing competitors 18. Revenue models in the Digital World: a. Describes how the firm will earn revenue, generate profits, and produce a superior return on invested capital 19. Value Chain and Value Creation: a. Value Chain Analysis: Process of analyzing organization’s activities to determine where value is added to products and/or services b. Value Creation: Occurs when an organization can provide products at a lower cost with superior benefits to customers

Chapter 3 20. (Operating) System Software (OS) a. A set of computer programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with applications b. Coordinates interaction between hardware components – Windows, OSX, Ubuntu Linux c. Example: Computer and Monitor 21. Application Software: a. A set of computer programs designed to permit the user to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities b. Helps automate business processes and enables processes that would otherwise not be possible c. Cannot run on itself but is dependent on system software to execute d. Application software is the software that you install onto your operating system 22. Cloud Computing: a. Web technologies enable using the Internet as the platform for applications and data b. Applications that use to be installed on individual computers are increasingly kept in the cloud (Gmail, Google Docs Google calendar) c. Can enable advance analytics of massive amounts of Big Data d. Consists of three main categories, SaaS, IaaS, PaaS 23. IP Addresses: a. A numerical address assigned to every computer and router connected to the Internet that serves as the destination address of that computer or device and enables the network to route messages to the proper destination 24. IP Convergence: a. Use of Internet Protocol (IP) for transporting voice, video, fax, and data traffic 25. Protocol: a. Procedures that different computers follow when they transmit and receive data 26. Scalability: a. Ability to adapt to increases or decreases in demand for processing or data storage 27. Software as a Service: (SaaS) a. Software distribution model in which a third-party provider hosts application and makes them available to customers over the Internet b. One of the three main categories of cloud computing 28. Web Servers: a. Process user request for pages using HTTP

Chapter 4 29. Bounce Rate: a. Percentage of single-page visits b. Reflects the percentage of users for whom a particular page is the only page visited on the website during a session 30. Brick and Mortar: a. Companies using this strategy solely operate physical locations such as retail store 31. Click-through Rate: a. Number of users that clicked on ad/Number of times ad was displayed 32. Longtail: a. Catering to niche markets in addition to purely selling mainstream products b. Center of distribution reflects “mass market” while the tails are the niche markets 33. Contextual Advertising: a. Advertising on a website that is relevant to the pages content b. Automatically providing ads that are relevant to the user 34. Digital Rights Management: a. Technological sortie that allows publishers to control their digital media to discourage, limit, or prevent illegal copying or distribution 35. Disintermediation: a. Cutting out the “middleman” and reaching customers more directly and efficiently 36. Forms of E-Commerce: a. Business-to-consumer (B2C): Transactions between businesses and their customers b. Business-to-business (B2B): Transactions among businesses. c. Consumer-to-business (C2B): Transactions between customers and businesses. d. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C): Transactions between people not necessarily working together 37. Mapping: a. Capturing specific locations to be viewed on the phone 38. Net Neutrality: a. All Internet traffic should be treated the same b. The Internet should be an open network – every application, and every type of data is treated the same c. Virtually anyone or any business, well known or unknown, can access and be found on the web 39. Pricing Models: a. Menu-Driven Pricing Model: Companies set the prices that consumers pay for products or services b. Dynamic Pricing Models: Offer consumer discounts on prices and/or services 40. Tracking: a. The ability to see another person’s location

Chapter 5 41. Bloggers: a. b. c. 42. Clickbait: a. 43. 44. 45.

46. 47. 48. 49.

50.

51. 52. 53.

Blog about their lives or voice their opinions Many bloggers use their blogs to hone their writing skills Others write blogs with the aim of attracting large audiences

An incomplete or tantalizing headline for a story that encourages users to click on it to learn a key detail or to find out the answer to a question Cloud-based collaboration tools: a. Example Google Docs Collective Intelligence (Wisdom of the crowd): a. Based on the notion that distributed groups of people with divergent ranges of info and expertise can outperform capabilities of individual experts Dynamic Web (Web 2.0): a. Allows people to collaborate and share content online b. Passive consumers to content creators Hashtag (#): a. A tag preceded by a pound sign added to messages to indicate the topic n relate the message to other messages about the same topic Mashup: a. A new application or Web site that uses data from one or more service providers to create a unique application Network Effect: a. The notion that the value of the application increases as the number of users increases Potential Pitfalls of Social Media: a. False online product reviews b. Microblogging can cause controversy c. Posting the “wrong” context on social media can get you into trouble d. Bad vibes going viral Tagging: a. Involves manually adding metadata to documents and other types of media to help in social cataloging Viral Marketing: a. A business that creates advertisements in a away that entices viewers to share the message with their friends through email or social networks Virtual Team: a. Composed of members from different geographic areas and assembled as needed to collaborate on projects WordPress a. One of the most popular context management systems b. One of the easiest and more powerful blogging sites c. Allows users to publish, edit, version track, and retrieve digital content, such as documents, images, audio files, videos, or anything else that can be digitalized

Chapter 6 54. Business Intelligence: a. The process of gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business strategy, tactics, or operations 55. Clustering: a. The process of grouping related records together on the basis of having similar values for attributes (finding structure in data) 56. Data Mining: a. An information analyses tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse 57. Data Warehouse: a. A large database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers, in support of management decision making 58. Data Mart: a. A subset of a data warehouse b. Used by small and medium-sized businesses and departments, within large companies to support decision making 59. Digital Dashboards: a. Commonly used to visually present key performance indicators and other summary info to make decisions 60. Explicit and Tacit Knowledge: a. Reflects knowledge that can be documented, archived, and codified with help of info systems 61. Query: a. Executed to retrieved data from a database 62. Relational Database Management System: a. Attempts to balance efficiency of storage needs, ease of retrieval and other factors by storing data in tables linked via relationships 63. Tables: a. Entities 64. Rows: a. Records 65. Columns: a. Attributes 66. Social Network Analysis: a. A technique that maps peoples contacts to discover connections or missing links within the organization b. Can be used to find groups of people who work together, find people who don’t collaborate but should, or find experts in subjects 67. Stickiness: a. The ability to attract and keep visitors

Chapter 7 68. Best practices: a. This means the software reflects the vendors interpretation of the most effective way to perform each business process. 69. Business process management: a. Systematic, structured, improvement approach by all or part of an organization whereby people critically examine business processes in order to achieve dramatic improvement in one or more performance measures, such as quality cycle time or cost. 70. Core and supplemental activities: a. Inbound Logistic Activities: Involves business activities associated with receiving and stocking raw materials b. Operations and Manufacturing Activities: Transforms inputs into outputs c. Outbound Logistic Activities: Focuses on the distribution of end products within the order-to-cash business process d. Marketing and Sales Activities: Associated with the presales activities of the company e. Customer Service Activities: Focuses on past sales activities 71. Value Chain model: a. Value Chain Analysis: Process of analyzing organization’s activities to determine where value is added to products and/or services b. Value Chain Model: i. Core Activities: The activities within a value chain that process inputs and produce outputs, including inbound logistics, operations and manufacturing, outbound logisitics, marketing and sales, and customer service. 1. Inbound Logistics, Operations and Manufacturing, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales, Customer Service ii. Support Activities: Business activities that enable the primary activities to take place. Support activities include administrative activities, infrastructure, human resources, technology development, and procurement. 1. Administration, Firm Infrastructure, Human Resources, Technology Development, Procurement 72. Core business processes: a. Order to Cash: Create customer record, check credit, create order, allocate stock, pack and ship, prepare and send invoice, collect payment b. Procure to Pay: Procuring goods from external vendors i. Negotiate price and terms, issue purchase order, receive goods, receive invoice, steel payment c. Make to Stock: Goods are produced based on forecasts and stocked in a warehouse i. Procure inputs, schedule production, production, quality control, stock product d. Make to Order: Based on forecasts but actual manufacturing does not start until order is received i. Process sales order, design product, produce inputs, schedule production, production, quality control, ship product 73. Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR) Systems: a. Replace standalone apps by providing various modules based on a common database and similar interface that services entire enterprise 74. Enterprise Systems: a. Integrated suite of business apps or every business process, allowing companies to integrate data across functional areas on a company wide basis 75. Main Benefits of Enterprise Systems and ERP systems: a. Improvements in info availability and increased interactions across the organization as a result of streamlining business processes 76. Packaged software/off-the-shelf vs. customized software: a. Packaged Software/off-the-shelf software: Written by third party vendors supporting standardized, repetitive tasks b. Customized software: Designed and developed specifically for specific organizations 77. Success formula (components/aspects) for successful implementation of an enterprise system:

a.

Secure executive sponsorship i. Get help from outside experts ii. Thoroughly train users iii. Take a multidisciplinary approach to implementations iv. Evolve the implementation

Chapter 8 78. Bullwhip effect: a. Ripple effects affecting supply chains 79. Customer Engagement Center: a. Use multiple communication channels to support communication preferences of customers 80. Customer Relationship Management (CRM): a. Corporate level strategy to create and maintain lasting relationships with customers 81. Customer Service and Support: a. A part of operational CRM that automates service and information requests, complaints, and product returns. 82. Extensible Markup Language (XML): a. A standard for exchanging structured data over the web 83. Just-in-time supply and production: a. Based on notion that keeping inventory is costly; companies using JIT are trying to optimize their ordering quantities such that raw materials arrive just as they are needed 84. Operation and Analytical CRM: a. Operation CRM: Systems for automating fundamental business processes – marketing sales and supports – for interacting with customers. b. Analytical CRM: Systems for analyzing customer behavior and perceptions in order to provide business intelligence. 85. Sales Force Automation (SFA): a. CRM systems to support the day-to-day sales activities of an organization. 86. Social Media Monitoring: a. The process of identifying and assessing the volume and sentiment of what is being said in social media about a company, individual, product, or brand. 87. Supply chain efficiency: a. Refers to the ability not only to track products that move through supply chain but also to foresee external events. 88. Supply chain management (SCM): a. Improve coordination of suppliers, product or service production, and distribution. 89. Supply Chain Visibility: a. Refers to the ability not only to track products that move through supply chain but also to foresee external events.

Chapter 9 90. Beta Testing: a. Testing the system in user environment with actual data. 91. Break-Even analysis: a. A type of cost-benefit analysis to identify at what point (if ever) tangible benefits equal tangible costs/ 92. Corrective, Adaptive, and Preventative Maintenance: a. Corrective Maintenance: Making changes to an IS to repair flaws in the design, coding, or implementation b. Adaptive Maintenance: Making changes to an IS to evolve its functionality, to accommodate changing business needs or to migrate it to a different operating environment. c. Preventive Maintenance: Making changes to an IS to reduce the chance of future system failure. 93. Cost-Benefit Analysis: a. Techniques that contrast the total expected tangible costs versus the tangible benefits of an investment 94. Efficiency vs. Effectiveness: a. Efficiency: Performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effort b. Effectiveness: Adequate to accomplish a purpose producing the intended or expected result 95. Making a business case (arguments, fear, faith, facts): a. Arguments: b. Fear: Arguments based on notion that if system isn’t implemented, firm will lose to competition or go out of business c. Faith: Arguments based on beliefs that organizational strategy, competitive advantage, industry forces, consumer perception, market share, etc. d. Facts: Arguments based on data, quantitative analysis, and/or indisputable factor 96. Productivity Paradox: a. Contributors: i. Measurement ii. Time lags iii. Redistribution iv. Mismanagement 97. Prototyping: a. Uses trial and error approach to discover how system should be operating 98. Recurring Costs: a. An ongoing cost that occurs throughout the life cycle of systems development, implementation, and maintenance. 99. Request for Proposal (RFP): a. A doc that is used to tell vendors what your requirements are and to invite them to provide info on how they might meet those requirements 100.Software as a Service (SaaS): a. Software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis 101.System Development Lifecycle (SDLC, various stages, order of the process): a. Life of an info system from conception to retirement: i. Systems planning and selection ii. Systems analysis 1. Collecting data 2. Modeling data 3. Modeling processes and logic iii. Systems design iv. Systems implementation and operation 102.System Efficiency: a. Measure of a systems productivity. The measure of the output against the input. 103.Tangible and intangible costs and benefits a. Tangible Benefit: A benefit of using a particular system or technology that is quantifiable

b. c. d.

Tangible Cost: A cost of using a particular system of technology that is quantifiable Intangible Benefit: A benefit of using a particular system or technology that is difficult to quantify Intangible Cost: A cost of using a particular system or technology that is difficult to quantify

Chapter 10

104.Biometrics: a. Sophisticated form of governing access to systems data and/or facilitates b. Employees can be identified by fingerprints, eye scan, face, etc. 105.Botnet: a. Destructive software robots working together on a collection of zombie PCs via the Internet 106.Captcha and Turing test (“The Imitation Game”): a. Captcha: A program or system intended to distinguish human from machine input, typically as a way of thwarting spam and automated extraction of data from websites b. Turing Test: A test of a ma...