Final Exam Study Guide PDF

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Final Exam Study Guide for bio 101, doc...

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BIOL 101: Introductory Biology Final Exam Study Guide Your exam will have both multiple choice and short answers. Make sure to practice answering both types of questions. You will have 3 hours to complete between 60-70 multiple choice questions (about 75% of the exam’s points) and one page of short answer questions (about 25% of the exam’s points). Approximately 30% of the questions will come from the Unit 4, and the remainder of the exam will be from all other units. No calculators allowed. Bring a pencil and scantron. You will turn in ALL documents at the end of the exam. A required practice exam (graded for effort) is available through Sakai. The questions are pooled and randomly selected to include the practice questions from earlier in the semester and new questions from the newer part of unit 4. You also have blank copies of each of our semester exams available under “exams”.

Study Guide Instructions: **Note that ALL of these study guide questions were derived from the Learning Objectives given at the start of each class!** --This study guide is divided into 4 parts --Answer each question in (hand) writing. Don’t just “go over” the study guide and answer questions in your head. Practice writing out each, and every, answer as you would on an exam. Include diagrams wherever possible. --An answer key to this study guide will not be provided. This serves merely as a tool for you to gauge your understanding of the material for this unit. Please attempt to answer the questions below without looking at your notes. Then, correct your own answers by going back to the resources in the previous step. --Use the lesson objectives, outlines, your book, guided reading questions, the powerpoint slides, practice exam, and your work on Mastering Biology as your main study resources. *IMPORTANT: A cautionary word about study guides: You should complete your study guide ON YOUR OWN. If you do decide to form and share a Google doc related to this study guide share it with 4 people max. Fact check every answer in your shared study guide. If you join a study guide without having first attempted these questions on your own, it’s the same as not having studied at all. Only once you have attempted the questions yourself, should you turn to a shared study guide or meet with a peer instructor.

Here are some general study tips: -

Make sure you are an expert in the vocabulary we use and make sure you can explain how terms relate to one another.

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Study by asking and answering questions as much as possible. Only re-read material that you have evidence that you don’t already understand. Draw diagrams and flow charts and comparison tables for as many concepts as you can think of. Remember to eat healthy foods, drink lots of water, get enough sleep, and go outside periodically.

Overarching Topics/Themes: These are questions that you should practice applying to every unit of this class Name and explain the five major themes of biology. Given a particular biological example, be prepared to explain which theme(s) apply/applies. Can you distinguish between science and unjustified claims – what’s the difference? Why is correlation and causation problematic? In what ways is science iterative? What are the elements of a research design? How do the elements of a research design impact scientific findings/conclusions (e.g. identify strengths and weaknesses in research related to bias, sample size, randomization and experimental control)? Interpret data and chose the best way to communicate data in a graph. What are the elements of a testable hypothesis? Can you identify a testable hypothesis? What’s the difference between an dependent and independent variable? What are replicates and why do you need them? What’s the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction? Given an example of a controlled experiment. Unit 1 Did you read the instructions above? NO? Start with the instructions first…  What are macromolecules? Where do they come from and why do they matter to organisms (plants and non-plants)? What are polysaccharides? Give examples. Can you classify polysaccharides based on their structure/function in plants and animals? How do monomers join to form polysaccharides? How does the human body use macromolecules from food? What is a lipid? Are there different kinds of lipids; what are they? What is the function of lipids and why are their properties as polar or non-polar solvents important? Can you draw lipid molecules (either with the correct bonds, or as labeled cartoons)? Why is the double membrane of cells made out of lipid molecules? How does the structure of the cell membrane match its function? How many different types of protein structures exist? Can you draw an example of each? What are the consequence of mutation to the normal structure and function of proteins? Explain all possibilities. What molecular forces hold protein structure together and how can they be disrupted? What structures in a prokaryotic cell would you expect to be the target of antibiotics (to answer, first define what a prokaryote is and how it’s different from a eukaryote)? How is a protein synthesized? How are proteins that remain in the cell synthesized differently from those that are exported from the cell (be sure to compare and contrast in your answer)? How is disease caused when the protein synthesis goes awry? Draw a detailed, labeled diagram to support your answer. In what ways are insulin-producing cells like dysfunctional factories when a person is diabetic (either type I or type II)?

What evidence do you need to determine that cystic fibrosis impairs protein production? Which molecules cross membranes freely and which do not (give examples to support your answer)? What are the properties of molecules that cross freely and those that do not? What are some negative consequences that occur when synthetic (ie. Human made) molecules cross cell membranes freely? What is the difference between passive transport, active transport and bulk transport of molecules across a membrane? How does water move via osmosis? Why is water’s movement via osmosis critical to your cells? What’s the difference between osmosis and diffusion? How do the two types of chemical signaling mechanisms affect target cells differently? Apply the mechanism of chemical signaling to different pathways, for example in a pathway you haven’t seen before what would a defective receptor do to signaling? What mechanisms are used by insulin and sex hormones? What are enzymes (give examples)? Why are enzymes important for metabolism? How can enzymes be inhibited? What is ATP? Where does it come from? What does ATP do? Can you draw a diagram of the major steps of aerobic respiration (do it!)? What are the locations of each step in the cell? What are inputs and outputs of each stage? How are coenzymes reduced during respiration? How is ATP formed in respiration? How would you explain the difference between cellular respiration and breathing to a 10 year old? What is oxidative phosphorylation? Why is an H+ gradient and oxygen both necessary for oxidative phosphorylation? What are the anaerobic respiration pathways and how are they different from aerobic pathways? What are the two part of photosynthesis? Draw a diagram to accompany your answer. Make sure it’s labeled. What are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis? What kind of sunlight is used by a plant and why is sunlight necessary for photosynthesis? What is photophosphorilation in the light reactions of photosynthesis? In what ways is photophosphorylation similar and different from the oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic respiration? Why do we describe trees as “carbon sinks”? Where does the (non-water) mass of a tree (or any plant for that matter) come from and how is the "mass" made? What does this mean: “Plants grow from the air”? Do a thorough review of all of the vocabulary of unit 1 and, aside from definitions, make sure you are comfortable explaining how terms relate to each other. Why does the material from unit 1 matter in your life? Unit 2 In what ways are asexual and sexual reproduction similar (and different) in outcome and the types of organisms (and/or cells) that use each reproductive strategy? Can you recognize and draw out the stages of mitosis? In what ways is mitosis in animal and plant cells

similar and different? What is the consequence of specific stages of mitosis failing? How does cell division play a role in an organisms’ development? How do cells know when it is time to divide or not divide? Can you draw a diagram to explain the difference? How do cancer cells disobey the rules that normal cells follow in the cell cycle and in cell growth? What is the significance of a mutated BRCA-1 gene in terms of risks and consequences for the patient? What is the “utility” of a gene test for actionable genes? Define haploid, diploid, and homologous chromosomes. Can you calculate the diploid and haploid number when given an illustration of a cell? Using a diagram, demonstrate how variation arises during meiosis from independent orientation at metaphase I. What are the consequences of non-disjunction in the sex chromosomes in humans? Can you determine if non-disjunction occurred in the egg or the sperm? Can you predict the outcome of specific non-disjunction events or determine in which parent non-disjunction occurred? What are some ethical and medical issues arising from Downs Syndrome testing? Given the genotypes of two parents, be able to construct a Punnett square of their possible offspring. Can you determine the mode of inheritance (autosomal dominant or recessive or X-linked recessive) by looking at a pedigree? Using a pedigree, can you calculate probabilities of off spring condition? Design genetic crosses that determine (1) if a trait is dominant or (2) to determine an individual’s genotype. What are the definitions of incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, pleiotrophy, and polygenic traits? Can you recognize and/or solve problems that are non-Mendelian variations of inheritance? Can you draw a basic model of DNA and label all its parts? What part of the molecule accounts for DNA variation? In what ways are somatic cells in the body similar and what makes them different from each other? Given a sequence of DNA can you diagram or describe (in detail) how the information produces a protein? Can you calculate the variations in the given DNA code that lead to the same protein? Can you calculate variation in proteins of same size, given a DNA code? Be able to transcribe and translate two different alleles of a gene. Define an allele. Describe different types of mutations. If you are given genetic and molecular data can you determine an individual’s phenotype? How would you do this? Do a thorough review of all of the vocabulary of unit 2 and, aside from definitions, make sure you are comfortable explaining how terms relate to each other. Why does the material from unit 2 matter in your life? How does the material in unit 1 relate to unit 2? Make sure that you are studying the powerpoints, your GRQs, your quizzes, the practice exam,and all your Learning Catalytics questions, and check out the dynamic study modules in the “study area” in Mastering Biology. Unit 3

Overall: How do the emergent properties of immunity and reproduction, arise from interacting components of these systems? What is homeostasis and how is it maintained? Can you explain examples of homeostasis, such as body temperature, glucose, sleep, hormones in the reproductive system? What are the basic components of the immune system? How are humoral and cell- mediated immunity the same and different from one another? How do vaccine’s work with the adaptive immune system?

What is the structure and function of the male (sperm producing )and female (egg producing) anatomy? Consider the STDs discussed in class: what are the potential consequences of STDs and how are they preventable? How do the hormones and anatomy of the reproductive age female change over a month-- with and without pregnancy? Draw a diagram to support your answer.

How does “the pill” prevent pregnancy? Unit 4 What is phenology? What was the purpose of the Caterpillars Count! Data collection we did? Distinguish components of the theory of natural selection that are true vs. common misconceptions: What is natural selection? How does it work? What evidence do we have that that supports the theory of evolution vs. the theory of special creation? How can we apply the scientific process to the study of evolution? Consider the questions researchers ask and the evidence they might use. Give examples of evolutionary studies and explain the outcomes of those experiments. What is natural selection? Why has our understanding of natural selection improved when combined with Mendel’s work? (your answer should include an explanation of Mendel and the significance of his work, too). What is microevolution? How is it measured? Describe all possible microevolutionary mechanisms and explain which ones are random and which ones are not random. Find examples other than those given in class or your textbook that are representative of the various microevolutionary forces so that you can practice recognizing which form of microevolutionary force is a driving evolution. Explain how genetic drift, mutation, gene flow and natural selection affect allele frequency in a population. What are the conditions under which evolution is not expected to occur. What does it mean for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? How do we know if evolution is occurring (describe in detail) in a population? What is the difference between phenotype frequency, genotype frequency and allele frequency? How do we calculate each one? How do you calculate allele/genoytype/phenotye frequency if you do not know if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What are p and q? What is the relationship between the Hardy-Weinberg equation and calculating genotype/phenotype/allele frequencies?

How do we know if two organisms are from distinct species? Explain each possible definition of a species. What are the benefits of the biological species concept of species and what are its limitations? Describe the conditions that lead to speciation. What are the reproductive barriers that keep species separate? Draw a figure (a table, a spectrum, a Venn diagram, etc.) that shows how pre and post-zygotic barriers contribute to species divergence. Explain which microevolutionary force(s) are at play and how! For example, explain why are there so many different species on Honeycreepers on the Hawaiian islands? What is a phylogenetic tree? What goes at the tips of the tree? Explain what happens at a branching point. What is a clade? What is an ancestral trait vs. a derived trait? Given data about species (fossil or living) determine their phylogenetic relationship. Is there more than one way to depict the same phylogenetic relationship amongst organisms? Give an example! Explain why the statement “Humans evolved from chimps” is false and restate it more accurately (support your answer with a phylogenetic tree!). State a hypothesis for why humans are (mostly) hairless, unlike other mammals. Practice what you know: What evolutionary forces produced domesticated dogs? How can this be applied to explain say, domesticated cats? Or the food we eat (for example, broccoli and cauliflower)? What is a population? How do the logistic and exponential growth models differ from one another? In what ways are they the same? How might you estimate population size if you cannot count every single individual in the population? What is density-dependent population growth? What is densityindependent population growth? List and describe the five different kinds of community interactions. What does it mean to partition resources? How does what you learned in Unit 4 relate to your life? If your knee-jerk answer is “it doesn’t” then challenge yourself to think more deeply and specifically consider the main themes of this course (maybe review from unit 1?!). How does what we learned in Unit 4 relate to Unit 1 and 2 and 3? If you didn’t already think about this (see previous questions): BIOL 101 is structured around five unifying themes of biology. What are these unifying themes and how do the topics in Unit 4 relate to each of these themes (you could write an essay or you could construct a table to collect your ideas)....