Midterm Study Guide Cultural Anthropology PDF

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Hickey. Study guide for the final exam for this class!...

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Midterm Study Guide Cultural Anthropology Participant observation Research method for learning about culture that involves living in a culture for extended period of time while gathering data Archaeology means study of the old but old limited to the human culture. Contains 2 areas, prehistoric archeology and historical archeology. Prehistoric concerns human past before written records while historical archeology deals with the human past in societies that have written documents. Contemporary, historic, prehistoric, study material culture Best way of ensuring people have the right to maintain their own culture Collaborate, have review, get feed back from culture Transplant tourism People travel to buy organs to transplant, transplant of organ from another country Enculturation Cultural anthropologists think that personality is formed largely through enculturation or socialization or the learning of culture through both informal and formal processes. IT is the self and social identity Begins with development to identify oneself as an individual to reflect one oneself, to evaluate one How we acquire culture### Defining characteristic of sharing the same culture All members of a culture hold a shared set of values, ideas, and perceptions, and standards of behavior Enables individuals in a society to predict how fellow members are most like to behave in a given circumstance. No known human societies that don’t exhibit culture Predict behavior Han ethnic group Dominant ethnic group in China Social structure The rule governed relationships, with all rights and obligations That hold members of a society together Includes house holds. Families, associations, and politics Malinowski Credited with inventing a new approach to learning about culture while he was in the Trobriand islands in the south pacific during world war 1 Culture: consistency vs harmony People are the same page of what happens but aren't generally safe or happy Everyone shares culture but disagreements within that culture!!!! Urgent anthropology  ulture that is disappearing very urgent, not people left and take as much information C left before the culture dies Applied anthropology

Some practical application of anthropology Emerged during and after ww2. 1st concern was improving the lives of contemporary peoples and their needs the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems in communities confronting new challenges. the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems in communities confronting new challenges. “study up” (Laura Nader) Since anthropologists have a mission to understand the human condition in its full cross-cultural range, anthropologist Laura Nader has encouraged other ethnographers to “study up.” A focus on western elites, government bureaucracies, global corporations, philanthropic foundations, media empires, business clubs, etc. Digital ethnography Social networks, communicate practices, and other cultural expressions in cyberspace by means of digital visual and audio technologies Also called cyber ethnography or netography How people interact with other people electronically Earliest ancestral primates Adapted to hunt little insects in the environment Which primate uses mediators  himpanzees c Costs and benefits of bipedalism ● Humans and their ancestors known for distinct locomotion of bipedalism ○ walking on two legs. ○ Humans and their ancestors known as distinct locomotion of bipedalism Evolutionary medicine  dapting to the environment like immune to a particular disease like vaccinations A Upper Paleolithic Upper Paleolithic explosion of tool types or other forms of cultural expression beginning at about 40k years ago Last part of the Old Stone Age 10k-40k years ago Tool industries characterized by long slim blades Explosion of creative symbolic forms tools of the upper paleolithic became smaller and projectile Also during this time, art ,carvings, and ornaments will appear The spear thrower or atlatl Invented 15k years ago Increase distance and maintained accuracy Dialect Varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible Geographical boundaries Economics

Kinesics The study of gestures would fall under the study of nonverbal signs also known as kinesics movements Edward Hall’s proxemics (4 categories of relevant space) Division of proxemics The cross-cultural study of humankinds perception and use of space Edward hall found that diff cultures have unique ways of dividing and utilizing space Intimate (0-18 in) personal-casual (1.5-4ft) social consultive 4-12ft and public 12+ ft Self-awareness, when does it develop in children Enculturation begins with the development of self awareness. Develops in concert with neuromotor development. Proceed at a slower rate in infants from industrial societies than infants in many small scale farming or foraging communities Human contact and stimulation plays role Naming ceremony Established child's birthright and social identity, important for self definition in all cultures May be forced to change names to be culturally accepted Some cultures Aymara Indians and naming children  hey dont consider children humans until they react to the world T Yanomamo men “culture personality” Expectation that men are supposed to be fierce and humourous Food foraging societies one the 3 main modes of subsistence patterns mobility, division of labor by gender, food sharing, and egalitarian social relations. They are usually nomadic, and occupy marginal environments, small size of local groups, limited by carrying capacity, number of people that the available resources can support at a given level Cooperative hunting strategies U  sing a gun hunting by yourself and be effective unlike a net because you can’t do it Horticulture cultivation of crops using simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes, slash and burn cultivation (swidden farming) Horticulture and tributary system of land ownership Horticulture on a piece of land, small bands or tribes Where should an anthropologist’s first fieldwork Someplace different from their own culture Human relations area files Anthropological theories are formulated from worldwide cross-cultural comparisons throughout history The human relations area files help to make this happen

Proxemics Division of kinesics and the cross cultural study of humankind’s perception and use of space Independence training child rearing practices that foster independence self reliant and personal accomplishments common to industrial and postindustrial societies good for success and survival infants typically spend less time with their parents than in non-industrial societies Agriculture vs horticulture Don’t use hand tools for horticulture while agriculture uses technologies other than hand tools for crop production such as irrigation Multi-sited ethnography Investigation and documentation of peoples and cultures embedded in the larger structures of a globalizing world using a range or methods in various locations of time and space Look for multiple sites such as China and china town in the United States Essay Question Topics, there will be two versions of the exam with 2 different essay questions, at the exam you will only write a response to one question. 1. tt

Culture needs a society 2. measure of a society’s success

When people need nutrition 3. the relationship between anthropology and colonialism Anthro got its start from colonialism 4. three core values predominant in U.S. society People are expecting to be independent and make it on their own The american dream and everything falls into place Natural competition...