Midterm Study Guide PDF

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Native American Archaeology midterm study guide...

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ANTH235 Midterm CLASS ONE Time Team America -

Range Creek, Utah -

Dr. Joe Watkins (Choctaw)

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Fremont people — lived over 1,000 years ago -

Farmers/hunters/gathers managed to survive the rough climate; their ruins act as their only remains of activity. Most sites remain untouched, providing artifacts, like cliff art, the only proof of their existence.

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Human debris found

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Stone art — pecked with smaller tools

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Figurines — male and female

Geophysical land survey to see what lies underneath -

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‘Magnetometry to scan area and analyze for anomalies’

Archaeologists find granaries — hard-to-reach, but visible -

Experimental archaeology to understand the process

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Pit houses

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Severe drought and other tribes moving in must have pressured Fremont Indians to leave Range Creek. -

Ute and Navajo now occupy.

Mapping Native America -

Aaron Carapella -

“Mixed-blood Cherokee”

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Self-taught mapmaker -

Made a map that gives recognition to movements of 600 tribes.

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“This is Indian Country”

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Some Native American groups got stuck with names given by settlers. -

“Naming is an exercise in power. Whether you’re naming places or naming peoples, you are therefore asserting a power of sort of establishing what is reality and what is not.”

Class -

Native Americans have been pushed to undesired land since the beginning of time.

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If one does not have an obvious link to the culture, they are not necessarily

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considered Native American. -

Archaeology has proven that Native Americans lived across North America for over 10,000 years.

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Archaeology reveals complexity/diversity of Native groups (can connect past to present) — some groups, which, have no contemporary descendants.

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“We are the real people” is often what nation names translate to, in their own languages. -

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“Iroquois” means snake → derogatory name given by Europeans

Native Americans are the race that has the largest increase of people being born. -

New York, NY has the biggest concentration of Native Americans. -

1.7% of all people in the United States identified as American Indian/Alaska Native.

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Navajo Nation is the biggest reservation. -

The Southwest is full of Native American archaeology, as well as communities/gatherings of present-day Native Americans.

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The Census often works to keep track of who the government wants to keep track of. -

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Aaron Capella’s maps -

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Who is “Other”? Leave time out of the progression of tribal/nation location

Indigenous Peoples March - Washington, D.C. -

As well as Black Muslim Israelites / Pro-Life March -

Nick Sandmann / Nathan Phillips

CLASS TWO Class Handout -

Archaeology is a subfield of anthropology (the study of human cultures), defined as the investigation of cultures through material remains. -

Fieldwork/analysis is often guided by cultural expertise. -

Fieldwork: the collection of data — may or may not involve excavation; material of cultures, not that it has to come from underground. Put into context to understand.

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Labwork: processing of data — compare new data to existing/complementary data.

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Report Writing: do no harm to those studied, produce report and share research.

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Millions of dollars are spent on archaeology in the Southwest, for archaeologists

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using anything from low-tech (shovels) to high-tech (isotope analyses) tools. -

Tribal Basics -

Navajo: Arrived 1,000 years ago. Pastoralists/wool blanket-makers — extended family groups live in hogans.

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Apache: Arrived 600 years ago. Same language as Navajo. Exist in bands, each with their own distinct history. Seasonal horticulture with Wickiup architecture, horse adoption.

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Pai: Lived in bands with unreliable agriculture. Occupied diverse environments, though, with seasonal migration, if necessary. Wickiup-like constructions. Little contact with the Spanish.

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Hualapai: Pine Tree People

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Havasupai: People of Blue-Green Water

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Yavapai: People of the Sun

O’odham: Possible descendants of Hohokam. Have a versatile culture where agriculture is whenever/wherever possible, irrigation ditches. Rely heavily on the saguaro cactus, adobe architecture.

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Akimel: River People

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Tohono: Desert People

Pueblo: Descendants of “Anasazi” — rather, Ancestral Pueblo. Permanent villages with Pueblo architecture and successful agriculture. Encountered Spanish missions (move to Christianity).

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Ute: Recent arrivals to the Southwest. Hunter-gatherers with seasonal movement, adopted horses, Wickiup architecture, live like Apache and Paiute.

Class Notes -

More Native Americans go to war out of all groups.

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Horses and sheep — brought by the Spanish -

Navajo came to the area — culture developed (contact with Europeans can lead to cultural development).

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Hohokam → trade -

Irrigation canals, system → funnel -

Have excess water, don’t protect Fremont, TRADE

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Fremont is extremely small

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Ball game → ball court means the group is a big deal (game of politics) -

Ball courts today are in southern Arizona/New Mexico + northern Mexico.

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Mogollon — better than Fremont, but not as great as Hohokam -

Great pottery, suggests they are going nowhere

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Dead individual, put to rest with bowls, punctured for spirit to come through.

“Anasazi” from Navajo — ‘enemies of my ancestors’ (disrespectful). -

Ancestral Pueblo — still use similar architectural form today.

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Has most history/archaeology as it is the most-studied group.

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Finely-made pottery = places of vast agriculture and trading.

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Creation stories

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Constantly changing

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Emergence of people from dark, wet underworld

Ethnographic present — freezing that culture in time; a description of culture prior to any contact -

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Cross-temporal

Wall (US-Mexico border) -

Hundreds of cultures involved, but so few are listened to in the discussion -

Would split apart Tohono O’odham

CLASS THREE Class -

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The Resources of the Southwest -

Wood: Often was scarce, but would be used for building and fuel.

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Bone: Used to make tools and ornaments.

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Salt: Mined and traded.

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Hides: Used to make clothing.

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Chert: Makes good tools (stone) — was not everywhere.

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Copper: Easily shaped into decoration — mined and traded.

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Galena: Decoration.

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Obsidian: Makes sharp and ornamental tools — traded.

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Sandstone: Easily used to build material/shelters (Pueblo’s bricks)

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Turquoise: Mined and traded for its unique color.

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Yucca: Used for baskets, food, alcohol.

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Juniper and Sage: Sources of shade, medicine.

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Pinyon: Tree

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Saguaro: Cactus

Plant Species -

Many had a great function of food, medicine, twine, basketry. Availability depends on elevation, soil, water source.

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Animal Species -

Large: deer, antelope, sheep, mountain lions, bears.

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Medium: jackrabbits, cottontail rabbits, bobcats, dogs, turkeys, ducks.

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Small: pocket gophers, prairie dogs, kangaroo rats, woodrats, squirrels.

Climate Issues -

Frost-free period, below 6,500 feet but not narrow canyons

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Precipitation is predictable, sometimes not enough

Directionality -

North-facing slopes — wet and cool

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South-facing slopes — dry and warm

Pecos Classification (LA, B2, B3, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5) Name

Date

Diagnostic Traits

Basketmater 1 “Late Archaic”

>3500 years ago

Basketmaker 2

3500 - 1700 ya

Agriculture has emerged, pottery has not. Atlatl used.

Basketmaker 3

1500 - 1300 ya

Pit/slab houses. Pottery, cooking ware has no decoration.

Pueblo 1

1300 - 1100 ya

Cranial deformation. Cooking vessels have coils/bands. Villages of above-ground, rectangular rooms.

Pueblo 2

900 - 700 ya

Small villages, spread out. Corrugations extend.

Pueblo 3 (Classic)

1000 - 700 ya

Very large communities begin. Artistic elements arrive.

Pueblo 4

700 - 400 ya

Depopulation. Artistic collaboration declines, plain ware.

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Pueblo 5

3500

No agriculture or pottery, mobile hunter/gatherers, thin sites

Basketmaker 2

3500-1700

Agriculture but no pottery, atlatl; corn comes from Mesoamerica — trade

Basketmaker 3

1500-1300

Pithouses, pottery without decoration

Pueblo 1

1300-1100

Pottery with coils at neck, above-ground rooms, small villages, cranial deformation (very prevalent in Mesoamerica — sign of relations or movement?)

Pueblo 2

900-700

Corrugated pottery, small villages

Pueblo 3

1000-700

Large communities, craft specialization

Pueblo 4

700-400

Plain pottery, population movements (huge conflict, huge drought)

Pueblo 5...