Anthropology test 2 - Gabby Yearwood PDF

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Gabby Yearwood...

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Social identities- views that people have of their own and others’ positions in society. Individuals seek confirmation from others that they occupy the positions on the social landscape that they claim to occupy Individualistic- a view of the slef in which the individual is primarily responsible for his or her own actions Holistic- a view of the self in which the individual cannot be conceived of as existing separately from society or apart from his or her status or role Egocentric-a view of the self that defines each person as a replica of all humanity- the locus of motivation and drives-capable of acting independently from others Sociocentric-a view of the self that is context dependent there is no intrinsic self that can possess enduring qualities Identity toolbox- features of a person’s identity (such as gender, age, or personal appearance) that he or she chooses to emphasize in constructing a social self Positive identity- the attribution to people of personal characteristics believed to be desirable Negative identity- the attribution of personal characteristics believed to be undesirable Rites of passage-the term suggested by Arnold van Gennep for ritualsthat mark a person’s passage from one identity or status to another Phallocentrism-a term coined by Peggy Sanday that refers to the deployment of the penis as a symbol of masculine social power and dominance Principle of reciprocity- the social principle that giving a gift creates social ties with the person receiving it, who is obliged to eventually reciprocate Commodities-goods that carry little personal meaning Possesions- goods that are associated in some personal way with their producer and/or distributor Identity struggles-a term coined by Wallace and Fogelson to characterize interaction in which there is a discrepancy between the identity a person claims to possess and the identity attributed to that person by others Lecture 1 October 5, 2017-The Cultural Construction of Identity Who are we and what is our place in the world?  How do we know who we are? o We come to know who we are in relationships we have with others  How did we become who we are?  Who are we in relationship to one another  Social Identities o Wife/husband/friend/son/daughter Identity Toolbox  Family/kinship membership o Main producer of social identiy  Gender  Age  Language  Religion

I am because of you  No one is anyone except in relation to somebody else  Must have an idea of who the other person is  What is everyone was unique? o Infinite variety of behaviors Names  Markers of a person  How people conceive of themselves  How people conceive of others  Personal name vs. family name  How do we introduce ourselves?  Mean something in certain spaces Individualistic vs. Holistic  American individual o Stable o Autonomous o Exists independently of status or place  Holistic o Person does not exist separately from society or one’s status/role in society Egocentric  Replica of all humanity  Self-motivated and self-reliant  Acts independently  Free to negotiate place in society  Responsible for who/what she is  Achieve success on their own  I have made fire, he didn’t actually make it- would have never figure it out if it wasn’t for shared knowledge Sociocentric  Identity depends on context  Depends on situation or role occupied Language as identity  Styles of speech o Reveals social status of speakers o Reminds us of status o Assertiveness or restraint  Maintenance of group identity o Dialect-New Yorker v.s Texan vs. Cali o Yinz or yall o Don or dawn  Our language maintains boundaries and informs others of where we are from, “I identify”

Recitation 10/10 Our identity is reliant on others Labels: Gender Family Age Language Religion Food Class ** Across society all above are constant, every society has Can view society as sociocentric or egocentric Socio-all of society is of focus Ego- individual is main area of focus Poses problemLanguage v.s national identity- can cause conflict because people are trying to purify languagele hot dog mf Southern accents dumbest Midwestern-nicest Religion- dichotomy between pos and neg identity- “im good youre bad”- religion being used to make muslims terrorists Gender- bit fucked up- confuse for biological sex, not bc biological is scientific and objective, so gender Is social construct- no two genders but gender is fluid  Ours is binary  Recently been a movement to raise awareness about gender categories  Day we are born assigned gender Ritual- something done over and over again in same exact way that people invest a bunch of meaning to Amazon- take bullet ants and put in sleeve to make rite of passage Gifts- good way to communicate identity- most societies concept of free gift does not exist How do we tell people who we are- communication

Race- social construct

Lecture 10/12 Making of Girls and Boys How is a person made?  Ways to announce identity  Stages o Separate from existing status o Transitional phase (liminal phase) o Change incorporated into new identity  Transition into adulthood  Friendship as rite of passage into adulthood How are men made? (certain men)  Separate boy from family/mother  Tests of courage  Male-bonding  Security  Outsiderinsider  Sex as status and identity sexual conquest  Elevate above women Fraternities  masculinity  Narrow definition of masculinity  Not wimps  Not effeminate  Not homosexual Militant Heterosexual  Ability to talk to girls  Avoidance of men who seem woman like  Strategy to keep other men in line The idea Frat Guy  Athetic, big guy, can talk sports/with girls, can hold their liquor, good looking, clean cut, anti-intellectual, friendly, affluent The pledge and pledging  Big brotherteacher  Subordination and submission  Loyalty, unity, togetherness masculinity  Withstand pain and humiliation  Physical force compliance/obedience  Trust/loyalty vs. caring/ sensitivity Brotherhood- why do people join fraternities?  Kinship term  Can only be earned by males  Share bonds of closeness and support  Clear separation between members and nonmembers

 Obligations and expectations  Life-long Commodification of women  Women as bait  Woman as servers-Little Sisters  Women as prey  Sexual gratification vs. relationship Fraternities and Rape on Campus  Group structures and processes  Vs. individual values and characteristics  Not all fraternites  Not all males Rape prone social contexts  What makes rape more feasible and probable  Alcohol  Pornography  Competition  Lack of monitoring  Violence  Sex as coercion  Can I buy you a drink ODD GIRL OUT Relational Agression  Using friendship as a weapon  Indirect, cover non-physical/non-verbal Girls aggression on the “margins”  Hidden yet common  Hidden culture of girls Forms of relational aggression  Do this or I wont be your friend  Ganging up against another girl  Silent treatment  Non-verbal gesturing/body language Efficacy of Body Language  Females denied overt forms of aggression  Strategy to gain power over others  Victim bears responsibility to determine issue  Doubt becomes the norm  Allows subversion of adult authority Friends are targets  Harder to identify  More devastating and damaging  Façade of female intimacy  Rationale

o What girls do o Be nice o Lack of adult understanding or acknowlegdement Recitation 10/16/2017 Bullying- we think of overtly aggressive behavior by boys, this aggression has covered up what bullying is for girls (culture of silence that’s woven in fabric of our society) Until recently- bullying between girls is more discreet (alternative aggression) Culture of non aggressive girls makes girls who get bullied stay in isolation- unworthy of connection- people don’t really believe girls when they say they are getting bullied Anger/aggression- just like water- if you pressurize it too much, it will find another channel to burst out, and since society doesn’t give girls a chance to act out and punch someone, anger comes out unconventionally Ex. Jenny, Social bullying, hate harriet the whore club, would say hhhhhiii to tell her shes a hoe, nobody believed her, but then she found a list of why everyone hated her, so she got the club disbanded Goal of bullying is to use friendship to break someones feeling of worthiness to have friends and get attention Minor incidents can throw girl’s relationships totally out of existence As rite of passage- it teaches girls to be backstabby and disloyal in real world- bullying keeps happening because people don’t relaly see it and its just kind of something that happens (rite of passage) Isolation is intensified when someone you thought you were close to totally abandons you ( regina George and Janice), totally magnifies experience (emotional scarring), girls are supposed to have more intimacy and be close Body language- way you look at someone, way you stand maybe laugh when someone walks by , cant prove anything Worst thing is when people show negative body language- but victim doesn’t even know what they did wrong, makes victim think its their fault

Patterns of Family Relations- Robbins Chapter 5 Vocab: Family of orientation- family that consists of ego, ego’s father, mother and siblings Family of procreation-family group that consists of husband, wife and their children

Bilateral kinship- system in which individuals trace their descent through both parents Matrilineal kinship-system of descent where persons are related to their kin through their mother only Matrilineage- lineage that is fomed by tracing descent in the female line Patrilineal kinship- system of descent where the person is related to their kin through the father only Patrilineage- lineage that is formed by tracing descent in the male line Bride service- requirement that when a couple marries, the groom must work for brides parents for specified amount of time Bridewealth(price)- valuable that a groom or his family are expected or obligated to present to the brides family Dowry-goods and valuables a brides family supplies to the grooms family or to the couple Clan- unilineal descent group whose members claim descent from a common ancestor Exogamy-rule that requires a person to marry someone outside one’s own group Endogamy- marriage within one social group, class, or ethnic group Polygamy-multiple spouses Polygyny-multiple wives Polyandry-multiple husbands Nuclear family-family group consisting of a father, mother, and their biological or adopted children Incest taboo-a rule that prohibits sexual relations within certain categories of kin, such as brothers sisters , parents, children, and sometimes cousins Partiable inheritance-a form of inheritance in which the goods or property of a family is divided among the heirs Impartiable inheritance-a form of inheritance in which family property is passed undivided to one heir Soap Opera’s  What can we learn from stories we tell about family? o Illicit love o Infidelity o Greed o Conflict  Are Soap Operas American mythology? Mythology tells us about Family  Both stories biological mother is not present o Looks at relationship between daughter and stepmother o Tells us something about status of divorce carries tension Family Life  Concerns/what disrupts family?  Structures/composition  Dynamics/How are they formed? Maintained?  Procreation

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How is inheritance determine? Naming? First? Last name? o Are cisgender males willing to take wifes last name  Is family just the living? Courtship  When and where is courtship learned?  Who arranges marriages?  When is sex talked about?  How is love showm?  Match.com/ Christian mingle/farmers only (cityfolks just don’t get it)

How are families formed?  Marriage o Public recognition of union of individuals and families o How are marriage partners chosen  Incest taboo  Appropriate group?  Race  Class  Ethnicity  Nationality  Religion  Sexuality  Age Weddings- sanction adulthood  Who pays?  Where does couple live after?  Permission to procreate? o Transformed into mothers and fathers  Wedding/Baby Showers Stability  What ensures stability? o Economics? Money o Love? o Children? o iN-laws? o Power struggles?  How are marriages ended/dissolved o Divorce o Who can initiate?

o Reasons? Adoption  What do children represent?  Biological v.s Adopted o Same treatment? o Respect? o Family? o Inheritance?  We like to think of who we are bc biology determines us – chromosomes make us who we are------- whos my real father? Sex, Wealth, Love?  Is it? Should it be a part of marriage?  Power?  Influence?  Social status?  Beauty?  Economic status  Conflict? Sex    

When is sex sanctioned? Sexual behavior impacted by Age? Marital status? Why are virgins so important? Does sex = love?

Robbins Chapter 7 Gini coefficient- a measure of variability used to measure income distribution (developed by Italian statiscian) Social classes-a system of social stratification based on income or possession of wealth and resources, individual social mobility is possible Means of production-materials, such as land, machienes, or tools that people need to produce things Surplus value of labor-, term suggested by Karl Marx and freidrich Engels for the portion of a persons labor that is retained as profit by those who control means of production Outsourcing-process whereby corporations and businesses move all or some of their operations from rich countries to poorer ones to reduce their labor costs and escape environmental and labor laws Racism- set of beliefs , behaviors, and symbolic representations that turn perceived or constructed differences among people though to be indelible into inequality Culture of poverty-phrase coined by Oscar Lewis to describe lifestyle and world view of people who inhabit urban and rural slums

Generalized reciprocity- a form of exchange in which persons share what they have with others but expect them to reciprocate later Balanced reciprocity-forms of exchange where items of equal or similar value are exchanged on the spot Negative reciprocity- form of exchange in which the object is to get something for nothing or make a profit Structural violence-actions or policies of governments or multilateral organizations that results in denial to the poor of basic rights of food, shelter, or livelihood

Chapter 7 inclass lecture- The construction of social hierarchy Gini coeffiencient- measurement of the the degree of social hierarchy- the measurement of how much the top 5 percent hold most the possesions in society How do societies rank peopled?  Social hierarchies varies among different dimension in different societies  Americans societies o Social classes-explicily stratified by income and personal possessions o Subtle stratification  India; castes-stratified by the ranked social and occupational groups of their parents o Untouchables Status in highschool  The reproduction or imitation of social hierarchy in the high school  Preps, jocks, rockers, nerds, punks, and gangsters  Various symbols to differentiate the groups  Their own criteria to evaluate each other  Maintin their social position by lowering others Why do societies construct social hierarchies  Integrative theory o Assumption: society need for the greater integration o Society as a living organism  Exploitive theory o Elites control the subordinates o Karl marx and friedrich engles Marx means of production  surplus value  8 hr work day,  Superstrucrure o Repressive structure- army- police, legal system o Ideological structure- schools, religion, familes  Infrastructure- means of production, relations of production  Violent revolution as a solution

o Transformation or replication How do people come to accept social hierarchies as natural?  Construction of racism o Scientific explanation for rascism in 19th century  construction of intelligence o standard exam (SAT) become an objective way to rank people regardless of social background  constructing stratification of gender o devalue household labor o machine for reproduction- women o menstruation is a negative word? How do people living in poverty adapt to their condition?  Carol Stack’s case in the Flats  Nuclear family become unstable  Kinship as an adaption to poverty  Generalized reciprocity How do people living in poverty adapt to their condition?  El Barrio in East Harlem of New York  Why selling crack became a plausible way to get by?  Gaining wealth compared to other low wage work  Gaining prestige as a form of resistance to the discrimination and racism  Self-destructive Can a non-stratified community exist within a larger hierarchical society?  Utopian-earthly paradise  Christian communalism- hutterites, Mennonites, amish  Colony of heaven  Communal life, avoid wealth accumulation and differentiation  Society is ranked by age and gender  Community fission

Recitation October 23 Rape occurs more frequently at fraternities  Women are treated as a commodity (objectify)  There is a huge emphasis on competition  Excessive pornography use  Approval of violence  Coercion of women is seen as a positive  Only one definition of masculinity- commodify human beings (women mostly) o Homosexuality is seen as very negative o Winning, wealth, matieralism, competition, athleticism, avoid weakness o 150 brothers that lied to grand jury to protect four brothers o if you can follow orders you are well liked (conformity)

o fraternities avoid intellectuals- ridiculed for being intelligent- if you cant drink cant be in frat o militant heterosexuality- use it to keep members in line  like propaganda- more physically enforced  rite of passage- one state of being to another o big brother- makes sure pledge knows what it means to be part of society  enforces stuff with physical force  emphasis on toughness- withstand pain  retain values of coercing women o little sisters- display affiliation- but not fully pledged brothers  have to wear brothers letter to advertise basically  purpose was to go to parties to look pretty and to sexually take care of brothers involved  brother dominant (big brother) that’s why they are called little sisters o brothers bring problems to board, use mottos and secret handshakes- keep secrecy alive, all about brotherhood and bonding secrecy provides  things get covered up o use alcohol to get women in bed  everclear and hunch punch and jungle juice  most think one on one coercion is ok but gang rape is not o property damage, assault, sexual coercion, all common  Three ways of commodifying women- women are bait, sexual prey, servants o Girlfriends most of the time aren’t allowed to come and brothers with girlfriends are encouraged to cheat  culture of hypermasculinity – look above o has been studied intensely Patterns of Family relations  USo nuclear family- not always case o bilateral descent- im Asian and white o love is very important in our society  Ju/wasio Nuclear family- mother father kids o Hunter gatherers- (savages) o Groups of 10-40 people o Organized around water hole organized by brother sister pair o Groom has to work for wifes family for 10 years  Trobriands o Specialization and hierarchy o Chiefdom/.barbarism o 40-100 people o grow food in gardens

o village split up to hamlets? Lead by matrilineage (dala) - highest ranking male of highest matrilineage is highest ranking individual o deny male role in sexual conception o souls already in matriline and kinda just pops out- what the fuck o father becomes outsider figure and uncle is more of a father (mothers brother) o brother and sister most important – more important than wife and husband Traditional China  patrilineal  ancestors always male  son has role in providing ancestors with food and taking care of spirits in after life  father and son share altar and cooking stove how are families formed??  Ju/wasi- husband wife and kids, when man marries women, works on womens parents camp for 10 years, mating begins super early, more advantage to guy than girls o Men are hunters- has to be shared everywhere on camp- also gains sexual partners o Women are gatherers and they collect most food and not required to sha...