A&P 1- Chapter 15 Review Questions PDF

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A&P 1: Chapter 15 Review Questions

1. Define the terms endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium a. Endomysium i. A delicate connective tissue membrane that covers skeletal muscle fibers. b. Perimysium i. A tough connective tissue binding fascicles together. c. Epimysium i. A coarse sheath covering the muscle as a whole. 2. Identify and describe the most common type of lever in the body a. The most common type of lever in the body is the third-class levers. i. Pull is exerted between the fulcrum and load ii. Permit rapid and extensive movement iii. They allow insertion if a muscle very close to the joint that it moves. 1. Example: a. Flexing the forearm at the elbow joint. 3. Give an example of a muscle named by location, function, shape, fiber direction, number of heads, and points of attachment a. Skeletal muscles i. Location: 1. Example: a. The brachialis (arm) muscle and gluteus (buttock) muscles. ii. Function: 1. The function of a muscle is frequently a part of its name. a. Example: i. The adductor muscles of the thigh adduct, or move, the leg toward the midline of the body. iii. Shape: 1. Shape is a descriptive feature used for naming many muscles. a. Example: i. The deltoid (triangular) muscle covering the shoulder is delta, or triangular, in shape. iv. Fiber Direction: 1. Muscles may be named according to the orientation of their fibers. a. Example: i. The term rectus means straight. The fibers of the rectus abdominis muscle run straight up and down and are parallel to each other.

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A&P 1: Chapter 15 Review Questions

v. Number of heads (or divisions): 1. The number of divisions or heads (points of origin) may be used to name a muscle. a. Example: i. The word part -cep means head. The biceps (two), triceps (three), and quadriceps (four) refer to multiple heads, or points of origin. The biceps brachii is a muscle having two heads located in the arm. vi. Points of Attachment: 1. Origin and insertion points may be used to name a muscle. a. For example, the sternocleidomastoid has its origin on the sternum and clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. 4. Name the main muscles of the back, chest, abdomen, neck and pelvic floor a. Back i. Trapezius ii. Latissimus dorsi b. Chest i. Pectoralis major ii. Serratus anterior c. Abdomen i. d. Neck e. Pelvic floor i. Levator ani ii. Coccygeus 5. Name the main muscles that flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the head a. Sternocleidomastoid i. Flexes head, one muscle alone, rotates head toward opposite side. ii. Prayer muscle b. Semispinalis capitis i. Extends head; bends it laterally c. Splenius capitis i. Extends head ii. Bends and rotates head toward same side as contracting muscle d. Longissimus capitis i. Extents head ii. Bends and rotates head toward contracting sides

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A&P 1: Chapter 15 Review Questions

6. Name the main muscles that move the abdominal wall; that move the chest wall a. Abdominal wall i. External oblique 1. Compresses abdomen 2. Rotates trunk laterally ii. Internal oblique 1. Important postural function of all abdominal muscles is to pull front of pelvis upward, thereby flattening lumbar curve of spine. a. When these muscles lose their tone, common figure faults of protruding abdomen and lordosis develop. iii. Transversus abdominis 1. Same as external oblique iv. Rectus abdominis 1. Same as external oblique; because abdominal muscles compress abdominal cavity, they aid in straining, defecation, forced expiration, child- birth, etc. 2. Abdominal muscles are antagonists of diaphragm, relaxing as it contracts and vice versa 3. Flexes trunk v. Quadratus lumborum 1. Flexes vertebral column laterally. 2. Depresses last rib b. Chest wall i. Internal and External Intercostal: 1. They attach to the ribs at different places and their fibers are oriented in different directions. 2. As a result, contraction of the external intercostals elevates and the internal intercostals depress the ribs. a. This is important in the breathing process ii. Diaphragm: 1. Flattens, thus increasing size and volume of the thoracic cavity. a. As a result, air enters the lungs.

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A&P 1: Chapter 15 Review Questions

7. Identify the muscles of facial expressions. What muscles facilitate smiling and frowning a. Occipitofrontalis i. Frontal belly 1. Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead horizontally ii. Occipital belly 1. Draws scalp backward iii. Corrugator supercilii 1. Wrinkles forehead vertically iv. Orbicularis oculi 1. Closes eyes v. Zygomaticus major 1. Laughing (elevates angle of mouth) vi. Orbicularis oris 1. Draws lips together vii. Buccinator 1. Facilitating smiling; blowing, as in playing trumpet viii. Depressor anguli oris 1. Draws end of mouth downward, as when frowning.

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