A&P Chapter 1 - Lecture notes 1 PDF

Preview

Summary

Biol 2401 with Prof. Vasefi...

Description

Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 1 of 2 Anatomy: study of living organisms’ structure Physiology: study of function- how body parts work together 6 Hierarchal Levels of Organization: (/) Chemical level- reactions among atoms and molecules (/) Cellular level- basic structural and functional unit of living organisms (/) Tissue level- groups of cells that work together to do something 4 types: epithelial, connective (bones), muscular (movement), nervous (communicate&control) (/) Organ level- 2 or more tissue types w/t recognizable shape & function (bones, skin=organs) (/) Organ system- 11 types (/) Organism level- a discrete individual

11 Major Organ Systems: (/) Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous| (/) endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, excretory, reproductive

6 Basic Processes (life): (/) Metabolism- sum of all chemical reactions anabolism- synthesizing simple molecules into complex molecules catabolism- breaking complex molecules into simple molecules (/) Responsiveness- ability to detect & respond to changes in environment (internal/external) job of neural system (/) Movement- motions of entire body, individual organs, single cells, or cellular structures (/) Growth- increases in body mass b/c of cell #, existing cell size, or extracellular material (/) Differentiation- development of cell from unspecialized to specialized (stem cells) (/) Reproduction- production of new cells for tissue growth, repair, replacement, new organism

Homeostasis: condition of equilibrium in body’s internal environment (/) maintained through feedback loops (/) involves regulation and composition of body fluids intracellular fluid (cytosol)- 2/3 of fluid in body is ICF extracellular fluid- w/tin tissue or enclosed cavity (blood, lymph, cerebral spine fluid) -b/t cells in tissue

Feedback Loops (3 Parts): (/) Receptor (sensory structures) -> monitor changes in controlled condition (/) Control Center (CNS) -> sets range of acceptable values for controlled condition, -> evaluates input from receptor & sends output to effector

(/) Effector (muscles & glands) -> produces response to change controlled condition

Negative Feedback Loop: response reverses initial change (/) Homeostasis maintained through these, process slows & stops as homeostasis is restored Ex: -Nerves in skin (receptors) detect rise in external environment & internal body temp -Brain (control center) get sensory input, sends motor output to muscles & glands

-Sweat glands (effectors) up secretion & smooth muscles in blood vessels (effectors) dilate to lower body temp.

Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 2 of 2 Positive Feedback Loop: response reinforces change, requires outside event to stop it (/) Used to reinforce rare condition (childbirth) Ex: -At start of childbirth, muscle contraction in uterus push fetus into lower uterus (cervix) -receptors send sensory input to brain which releases hormone oxytocin -oxytocin stimulates walls in uterus to contract again, restarting cycle -doesn’t stop until outside event occurs (baby being born)...