AP Euro- Chapter 23 Notes PDF

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AP Euro- Chapter 23 Notes I.

Ideas of Change Political ideas, social theories, and innovations influenced Europe’s culture A. Romanticism i. Movement in Philosophy and arts. ii. Emphasis on feeling, emotion, and experience. a. Romantic Philosophy and Literature i. Metaphysics, aesthetics, philosophy of nature ii. Common belief that poets had special wisdom iii. Wrote about their own emotions b. The Wider Influence of Romanticism i. Composers emphasized melody and used freer harmonies ii. Contrasted vision of organic society with competition and individualism iii. Radical- going to the origin, essential B. Social Thought a. Conservatism i. Conservatism grew into an ideology ii. Emphasized limitations of human understanding, customs, hierarchy, social Importance iii. Fulfills social needs while sustaining order iv. Christianity was source of Europe’s strength v. Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald b. Liberalism i. Seen more as a set of attitudes ii. Vouched for individual choice and was associated with ideas of social progress c. Political Liberalism i. Rooted in the writings of John Locke, mostly did not favor democracy d. Economic Liberalism i. David Ricardo Principles of Political Economy and Taxation ii. He claims the wealth of the community comes from land, capital and labor. Three classes come from rent, profit, and wages. iii. Called it a political economy and a reform movement grew from it. e. Utilitarianism i. Bentham reform campaign by criticizing legal system ii. Bentham rejected doctrine of natural rights iii. Followers called themselves philosophic radicals, but did not accept every doctrine f. John Stuart Mill i. Most important liberal who made freedom of thought a first principle ii. Attempted to distinguish between production and distribution

C. The Early Socialists

i. Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen argued competition was wasteful and cruel a. Saint-Simon i. Believed injustice, social divisions, and inefficiency could be overcome ii. His teachings won over a significant number of followers b. Fourier i. Central concept was an ideal community known as the phalanstery ii. He said it should be made up of around sixteen hundred men, women, and children of the four types of personalities. c. Robert Owen i. One of the greatest success stories of industrial capitalism, who was a self made man. ii. Disproved Ricardo’s economic laws and established ideal communities. iii. Single most important figure in the labor movement and the workers’ cooperatives d. The Socialist Critique i. Imagined societies enriched by new inventions and means of productions ii. The three thinkers were to be remembered as “utopian socialists” II. The Structure of Society Population growth and urbanization changed the way of life and lead to new challenges in Europe. A. Social Classes i. The idea of social class shifted from being viewed as a literal system to a more personal standing. a. The Aristocracy i. Included all nobles and their immediate relatives, members of the upper gentry, and wealthy patrician families. ii. Its privileges were challenged by the new industrial wealth iii. They were described as the people who wanted to live without working. iv. Continues to control most of wealth, allied with church, and dominated upper levels b. National Differences in Aristocracy i. Most of Europe was partly controlled by the aristocracy as they held onto local power. ii. Sought to strengthen their power through representative gov. and decentralization. iii. Junkers remained most influential in Prussia as they owned many large estates iv. They had little power in France, for they were reduced to a minor role after revolution. c. Peasants i. Remained the overwhelming majority of Europeans ii. French revolution abolished traditional requirements to the lord they worked under. iii. Gov. relied more on peasants for taxes and conscripts d. Peasant Activism i. Used elaborate ties of family and patronage to build effective social networks. ii. Had a hunger for land, resented taxes, and grieved against those above them. iii. Divided by those who owned their own land and those who had to sell their labor.

e. Peasants and Social Change i. Needed to figure out how to integrate the agricultural economy with the rising commercial and industrial one. ii. Emancipation from lord required peasants to pay for the land they had cultivated. iii. Developments increased agricultural productivity made life of peasants precarious. f. Workers i. Industrial labor became much more popular than peasantry. ii. Wages were low, so women and children were forced to work in order to support the household. iii. Divided by the conditions of labor, where they lived, and the work restrictions. g. Artisans and Skilled Workers i. Paid much more, but were in a very much less organized labor market ii. Frequently had outbursts and riots which sometimes lead to local revolutions. h. Early Labor Movements i. 1.5 million British workers belonged to groups referred to as “friendly societies” ii. These organizations influenced the Parliament into favoring factory legislation iii. Majority of working class remained defenseless and dependent on unstable employment. i. The Middle Class i. Made up of the people who’s position in society was right in between. ii. The only social class that it was possible to fall out of. j. Middle Class Values i. Culture became much more elegant ii. Individual rights, legal equality, and economic opportunity B. The Changing Population i. Population continued to increase which lead to more problems for Europe a. Demographic Growth i. Decline in germs, increase in food, and decrease in marriage age ii. More food lead to more babies surviving past infancy iii. Food supply increase was a result of transportation, effective agricultural techniques, and potatoes. b. Population and Society i. Early marriage result of spread of the cottage industry ii. Increased ratio of births to the entire population iii. Expanding market for goods other than food iv. Malthus argued population grows faster than food supply. c. Urbanization i. Population grew to record amounts in London (1 million) and in other countries ii. Many increased by 50% and towns began to transform into cities iii. Urbanization drew people out of the countrysides and into the cities. d. Urban Problems

i. Pollution began to increase, contaminating alleys and parts of their water supply. ii. Housing conditions were poor as many citizens lived in crowded, dark, cold cellars. iii. London Police Force established by Sir Robert Peel in 1829. C. Social Welfare a. Charity i. England’s Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge carried enlightenment to lower classes ii. Charities and relief organizations were being established at an astounding rate. b. Public Health i. Vaccinations were being enforced by legislators and reduced number of smallpox ii. Through the years there were many epidemics including Typhus and Cholera iii. Cholera was believed to be an act of divine retribution iv. Foods, houses, and sewers were inspected and cleaned as they tried to find a cause. c. The Irish Famine i. The potato did not harvest correctly, so a pop. so dependent on it went into famine. ii. Irish farmers lost money and went into debt as the famine continued to spread. d. Government Regulation i. The hours which a child could work were reduced to a number depending on their age. ii. Britain’s Poor Law of 1834 e. Education i. Public education also became regulated by the government. ii. The vision of the French Revolution for public schools finally took shape. iii. 1833 voted to underwrite the construction of private schools III. The Spread of Liberal Government A. Great Britain i. Britain’s withdrawal from Metternich’s concert of Europe 1820s a. Pressure for Change i. Higher tariff on grains, making bread much more expensive ii. Habeas Corpus was suspended for the first time in 1817. iii. Elections in 1830 required by King George IV raised political temperature b. The Reform Bill of 1812 i. Bill sent to reform the electoral system, rejected until threatened by king. ii. Suffrage increased allowing 800,000 men to vote depending on their property. iii. Slavery was abolished in 1833 and the Factory Act limited a child’s work day. c. Chartism and Corn Laws i. Central aim of Chartism was political democracy, People’s Charter ii. Anti-Corn Law League became a sort of crusade iii. 1846 grain tariff was reduced to almost nothing B. The Revolutions of 1830 a. Uprisings across Europe

i. Wave of revolutions struck Europe b. Belgium i. Catholics and liberals rose together against Dutch rule. ii. Belgium was becoming the most industrialized nation on the continent. c. Switzerland i. Liberal institutions spread, 1832 league formed wanting religious freedom d. France’s July Monarchy i. Liberal branch of the House of Orleans was headed by Louis Philippe ii. Claimed him “citizen-king” and the flag was replaced with the Revolution’s colors. iii. Silk workers of Lyon going on strike was viewed as a republican revolt e. Limited Liberalism in France i. The gov. Built upon the system built by Napoleon to promote public education ii. 1840-1848 the government was controlled by a man named Guizot. iii. Aristocracy’s power was decreased and they counted for little after 1830. f. Spain i. Ferdinand arranged for his three-year old daughter to succeed him. ii. Regency in Isabella’s name granted a constitution in 1834. Chapter 24 I. The Revolutions of 1848 A. The Opening Phase a. France i. Guizot refused to widen suffrage which lead to the fall of the July Monarchy ii. Elections for a constituent assembly took place in April b. Revolution Spreads i. Lajos Kossuth called for a representative government on March third. ii. Revolutions continued to occur with mobs, barricades, and threats. c. Central Europe i. Hungarian Diet established free press, national guard, and abolished feudal obligations. ii. “Five Glorious Days of Milan” B. The Fatal Dissensions a. Social Class i. Built barricades in the working class sections of Paris ii. Thousands of people died and many were sent into exile b. National Ambitions i. Win peasant support by abolishing serfdom and distrusting local revolutionaries. ii. Pius IX Kingdom of Naples and the representative gov. gave title of Roman Republic. C. The Final Phase a. New Leaders i. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte won 70 percent of votes and was elected president b. Military Force

i. Frankfurt Assembly, March 1849, elected Prussian king as German emperor ii. Austrian power once again dominated Italian peninsula c. The Results i. Nationalism divided revolutionaries and prevented cooperation needed for success. ii. Peasants of eastern Prussia and Austrian empire were emancipated in 1848, free of servile obligations. Questions: How did the revolutions in 1830-1848 century influence the ways the government regulated laws? How did the rise of liberalism alter social structures within Europe?...