Chapter 17 Euro Notes PDF

Preview

Summary

Chapter 17 reading notes...

Description

Carter Fann Period 3 Chapter 17 Notes Thesis: It was clear that state building required a common effort to establish stronger political, military, financial, and religious structures to support an effective government. I. Absolutism in France Absolutism: the belief that the monarch was absolute A. The Rule of Louis XIV a. Bishop Bossuet, Louis God’s lieutenant, claimed bible endorsed absolutism b. Versailles i. Louis XIV created an isolated court as the center of bureaucracy ii. The king gained the services of influential administrators, and people gained privileges and rewards without uncertainties. c. Court life i. Versailles court determined relations with other states and people ii. Artistic academies laid down rules for what was acceptable in such areas or forms of architectural style. d. Paris and Versailles i. Versailles: male society; Paris: women were able to explore options B. Government a. Use of armed force, the formulation and execution of laws, and collection and expenditure of revenue all helped Louis contain power. b. The King’s Dual Functions i. He was both king in council and king in court ii. Resources and powers available limited his power, yet he had not found much trouble dealing with it. c. Competing Ministers i. Jean-Baptiste Colbert=economic power; marquis of Louvois=army as power C. Foreign Policy a. At first Louis favored Colbert, but did not pan out, so began to follow Louvois b. Louis Versus Europe i. League of European states formed to stop spread of France power led by William III and Emperor Leopold I ii. Went to war, but found Famine and loss of power and lost war c. The War of Spanish Succession i. Charles II of Habsburgs died with no heir 1700 ii. William and Leopold created the Grand Alliance, 1701, that declared war on France. iii. Louis had withstood the defeat on the battlefield and kept hold on his own people and borders by the end of the war.

D. Domestic Policy a. Control and Reform i. Protestant Huguenots and Catholic Jansenists interfered with religious uniformity ii. Louis tried to boost foreign trade and reform measures in economy. E. The End of an Era a. He inflicted a level of suffering for his people that became apparent in Europe and the Counter Reformation’s influence of religious struggles had died away F. France After Louis XIV a. Duke of Orleans restored parliaments political power and replaced roay bureaucrats with councils of nobility, hoping to give power to aristocracy b. Public Greed for economy pushed stock levels insanely high till it collapsed in 1720. c. Louis XV and Fleury i. Gave authority to Cardinal Fleury ii. Fleury made absolutism function quietly and effectively and enabled France to recover from the setbacks of Louis XIV. d. Political Problems i. Fleury died 1743, wars strained France credit ii. Royal authority deteriorated, Louis XV avoided confrontation, neglected state affairs iii. Main Problems: Special Privileges, Political Power, Finance e. The Long Term i. France experienced expansion in population, rural economy, in commerce, and in empire building. II. Other Patterns of Absolutism A. The Habsburgs at Vienna a. Leopold I had plans to build Schonbrunn, but lacked funding to be true design i. Relied on small group of leading nobles to devise policy and run his government b. Government Policy i. Leopold came to decisions with agonizing slowness after consulting ministers ii. Duke of Lorraine and Prince Eugene of Savoy became prominent in aristocratic circles of Holy Roman Empire. c. Eugene and Austria's Military Success i. Eugene responsible for transformation of Vienna's policies from defence to aggressive. ii. Eugene urged Leopold to further expansion through Italy and fight more against the turks and France

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

d. The Power of the Nobility i. Leopold gave nobles influence in government without establishing control of lands. ii. Leopold had absolute power but nobles kept anonymous power with local support. The Hohenzollerns at Berlin a. Frederick William of Hohenzollern “the great elector” ruled territories Brandenburg-Prussia b. Foreign Policy i. Hoped to be an ally for big powers in efforts to crush opponents at home ii. Gained support from Dutch and French with success at home and abroad c. Domestic Policy i. Faced resistance from long-independent cities of his realm ii. WIlliam was able to overcome resistance with intimidation d. The Junkers i. Main supporters and beneficiaries of electors state building were Prussia's nobles, Junkers. ii. Prussian entrepreneurs were most successful in pursuing economic and political power. e. Frederick III i. Son of Frederick William, was interested in organizing administration, increasing tax returns, building army, imposing authority ii. Lacked the crown to authority, but later crowned King Frederick I iii. Celebrated artistic and intellectual activity and aristocracy at head of social and political life. Rivalry and State Building a. Poland failed to centralize government and partitioned b. Maria Theresa of Austria and Frederick of Prussia competed The Prussia of Frederick William I a. Disdained court life, dismissed numerous courtiers, and cut salaries of those who remained. b. Emphasis on the Military i. Avoided committing his army to battle, passed it on to his son ii. Promotion of education, caused people to want to serve state Frederick the Great a. Frederick II was forced into kingship by his father b. Frederick’s Absolutism i. Intellectual turn of mind caused him to agonize over moral issues and nature of his role being called “enlightened” absolutist. ii. Conquest of Silesia brought new level of state building The Habsburg Empire

a. International Rivalry i. Maria Theresa gained received power over Austria ii. Maria faced rebellion by Czech nobles but Hungary’s magyar nobles had helped her b. The war of Austrian Succession i. The war of Austrian Succession: Maria Theresa determined to recover Silesia and humiliate Prussia c. Maria Theresa i. Was moralistic and pious wanting to reassert power of state ii. Believed in divine mission of Habsburgs d. Reform in Church and State i. She abolished the clergy's exemptions from taxes and self interest of monasteries ii. Reformed military G. Habsburgs and Bourbons at Madrid a. Charles II of Spain, can't have an heir b. Spanish Nobility successful in turning absolutism to advantage. c. Bourbon Spain i. Bourbon gained grown after War of Spanish Succession ii. Loyola and Jesuits expelled from Spanish territory in 1767 iii. Jesuits led independence movements of 1800s in Spain H. Peter The Great at St. Petersburg a. Czar Peter I names new city St. Petersburg capitol of Russia b. Peter’s Fierce Absolutism i. Peter terrorized those around him during many drunken rages c. Western Models i. Searched to bring back models of Western advances in Science and culture d. Bureaucratization i. Ignored Duma, advisory council, and created an administrative apparatus. ii. Created an elaborate unified hierarchy of authority e. The imposition of Social order i. Created two class society, the nobility and the peasantry ii. Serfdom spread throughout dominions and became essential to Russia's economic base. iii. Peter created a single class of nobles f. The subjugation of the Nobility i. Peter required nobles to provide officials for bureaucracy and officers for army ii. Peter helped build nobles fortunes and control of countryside g. Control of the Church i. Destroyed ecclesiastical independence, took over monasteries, church was branch of government.

h. Military Expansion i. Established huge standing army and navy making Russia dominant power of Baltic and european affairs. III. Alternatives to Absolutism A. Aristocracy in the United Provinces, Sweden and Poland a. Dutch William III wanted to take war into France and reinforce his own authority b. Dutch were gradually overtaken by English after death of William c. Sweden i. Charles XI monarchy, conserved resources relying on nobility as he strengthened bureaucracy ii. Charles XII revived tradition of military conquest yet lost at Russia and lands began to be overrun by neighbors iii. Nobility gained role of English gentry d. Poland i. Chaos plagued Poland, no centralized government B. The Triumph of the Gentry in England a. The Gentry and Parliament i. The gentry were and independent force ii. Authority was hallowed by custom, maintained by House of Commons iii. Policy still set by the king and his ministers b. The succession i. Charles II’s brother, James might try to restore Catholicism in England ii. The reign of James II turned into disaster iii. United Provinces, WIlliam III, caused James to flee England in the Glorious Revolution, Bloodless Revolution c. William and Mary i. Act of Toleration ended religious persecution ii. Bill of Rights defined powers and rights and succession iii. William attempted to reverse it but did not work C. Politics and Prosperity a. Party Conflict i. Whigs controlled government for most William III’s reign ii. Tories and Whigs competed for votes iii. England again at war with France iv. Whigs regain control and king George, then entrench themselves for almost a century b. The Sea and the Economy i. English navy was premier force on sea ii. Bank gained permission to raise money from public and then lend to government with 8% interest c. English Society

i.

English people were better off than elsewhere but the grimness should not be overdrawn ii. A century of inflation, and fruits of progress belonged primarily to the gentry D. The Growth of Stability a. Politics were shaped by small factions within these larger groups, and alliances revolved around the control of patronage and office. b. War and Taxes i. Parliament created a thoroughly bureaucratized state ii. Military and navy expansion cost a ton to travel out of the island iii. Lower third of society remained poor and often desperate, causing a severe system of justice and frequent punishment. c. The Age of Walpole i. Hanoverian German Dynasty of George I and George II could not speak much English well ii. Walpole took advantage and gained power through parliament and politics until 1742, ministerial responsibility d. Commercial Interests i. Walpoles policy of peace pleased large landlords but angered merchants ii. William Pitt: attacked government's timid policies and was on merchant and businessman side. E. Contrasts in Political Thought a. Hobbes i. Thomas Hobbes Began premises about human nature and conclusions about political forms b. Leviathan i. Hobbes leviathan concludes that the only way to restrain aggressiveness is to erect an absolute power. ii. Suggested that the transition from nature to society is accomplished by a contrast accepted by those who wish to end chaos c. Locke i. Believed at birth a person's mind is a clean slate, nothing is preordained or inborn ii. As we grow our minds begin to work of the data we learn d. Of Civil Government i. Locke applied reason to politics and stressed life, liberty, and property ii. Locke wanted to defend the individual against the state IV. The International System A. Diplomacy and Warfare a. Personal motives drove aggressive foreign policies b. Dynastic interests gave way to policies based on impersonal conception

of the state c. “Balance of Power” and the Diplomatic System i. Domination by one state had to be resisted because it threatened international security ii. Establish european equilibrium of balance of power iii. Management of foreign relations helped foster sense of collective identity among European states B. Armies and Navies a. Tactics and Discipline i. Strategy was not to annihilate but to nudge an opposing army into abandoning a position ii. At sea, british achieved superiority b. Officers i. Officer corps were Europe’s nobility ii. Competent middle class workers played an unusually large role c. Weak Alliances i. Inherent weakness of coalitions, treaties mark the history of almost every major war C. The Seven Years War a. Promoted by Austria (1756-1763) b. British and French, Austria and Prussia, holy roman empire depending on Prussia c. The course of War i. Frederick had to repel invading armies whose combined strength exceeded his own ii. Prussia brought to a total collapse, but saved by one of the reversals of policy in Europe. d. Peace i. Peace of Hubertusburg (1763) ii. Frederick returned to Berlin and preserved his dominion....