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Chapter 17 Chapter 17 is titled “Sense Organs: The Eye and the Ear” in The Language of Medicine textbook. Introduction This chapter covers 2 of the sense organs, the eye and the ear We first talk about the eye, and then move onto the ear The Eye Anatomy and Physiology Regarding the anatomy of the eye, I would like you to know the general parts of the eye

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You want to be familiar with the pupil, which is surrounded by the color portion of the eye The pupil is the central dark area of the eye The colored portion of the eye is called the iris The conjunctiva is the membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the front part of the eyeball, and it is over the white of the eye The medical term for pink eye is conjunctivitis, because it is the conjunctiva that is inflamed

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Cornea is a transparent tissue that covers the pupil and iris where light passes through The term sclera is the opaque white part of the eye Your textbook has a picture showing you the anatomy of the eye

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Vocabulary: The EYE You need to know the following Vocabulary terms pertaining to the eye listed in your textbook:    

Conjunctiva Iris Pupil Sclera

Combining Forms: Structures and Fluids of the Eye For the terminology regarding the combining forms of structures and fluids of the eye, you need to know all of them listed in your textbook:

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aque/o means water o Another combining form for water is hydr/o blephar/o means eyelid

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conjunctiv/o means conjunctiva cor/o means pupil

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corne/o means cornea

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cycl/o means ciliary body or muscle of eye dacry/o means tear or tear duct ir/o, irid/o means iris

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kerat/o also means cornea lacrim/o also means tears

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ocul/o means eye ophthal/o means eye opt/o, optic/o means eye or vision depending on how it is used palpebr/o also means eyelid papill/o means optic disk phac/o, phak/o means lens of the eye pupill/o also means pupil retin/o means retina scler/o means sclera uve/o means uvea – vascular layer of the eye vitre/o means glassy

Combining Forms: Conditions of the Eye For the terminology regarding the combining forms of conditions of the eye, you need to know all of them listed in your textbook:          

ambly/o means dull or dim dipl/o means double glauc/o means gray mi/o means smaller or less mydr/o means widen or enlarge nyct/o means night phot/o means light presby/o means old age o Presbyopia is impaired vision due to told age scot/o means darkness xer/o is dry

Suffixes For the terminology regarding the suffixes of the eye, you need to know all of them listed in your textbook:   

-opia mean vision -opsia also means vision -tropia means to turn

Errors of Refraction In regards to Errors of Refraction of the eye, you need to know the following terms:   

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Astigmatism is a defect or curvature in the cornea or the lens of the eye The next two conditions we will discuss can be easily confused Most definitions of a condition describe what is wrong with the patient, but the definitions of the next two conditions describe what is right with the patient o Hyperopia (hypermetropia) means far sightedness, which means the patient can see far, but cannot see near o Myopia means near sightedness, which means the patient can see near, but cannot see far Presbyopia is an impairment of vision as a result of old age

Pathology – The Eye In regards to pathology of the eye, I will go over the terms you need to know. You need to know the definition of the terms in bold to the right, you do not have to know all the detail unless I specifically list it 

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Cataract has to do with the clouding of the lens of the eye, which causes a decrease in vision o A way to correct this is to have the cataract extracted and to implant a new lens o Don’t confuse cataracts with Glaucoma Chalazion is a small hard cystic mass, or granuloma on the eyelid o It is an inflammation, not an infection o It affects the sebaceous gland in the eyelid Diabetic Retinopathy is the retinal effects of diabetes mellitus which include microaneurysms(bursting of vessels), hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins o The new blood vessels will form in the retina, and that is called neovascularization Glaucoma has to do with increased intraocular pressure, which damages the retina and optic nerve which causes the loss of vision Hordeolum (stye or sty) is draining pus, and it goes beyond inflammation, and it is caused by a Staphylococcal infection. It also affects the sebaceous gland in the eyelid Macular Degeneration is progressive damage to the macula of the retina Retinal Detachment is can be when someone has trauma to the eye or a head injury o It is the separation of the 2 layers of the retina Strabismus is a general term that means abnormal deviation of the eye o We have different forms of strabismus  If you have an eye that is turning inward, it is called esotropia, also called crosseyed

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If you have an eye that is turning outward, it is called exotropia, also called walleyed Hypertropia is upward deviation of one eye Hypotropia is downward deviation of one eye Amblyopia is partial loss of vision, or lazy eye Diplopia is double vision

Clinical Procedures – The Eye In regards to clinical procedures of the eye, I will go over the terms you need to know. You need to know the definition of the terms in bold to the right, you do not have to know all the detail unless I list it Diagnostic In regards to diagnostic clinical procedures of the eye, you need to know the following terms: 

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Ophthalmoscopy is a simple visual examination of the interior of the eye o The instrument the physician uses has a light and holds it up-close to the eye, shines the light on it, and can visualize Visual Acuity Test is a clarity of vision test. It is where we assess what the patient’s vision is o If a typical eye chart is used, it is called a Snellen chart  Usually the patient would try to read the chart from about 20 feet away  The visual acuity is expressed as a ration, like 20/20  The first number is the distance the patient is standing from the chart, and the second number is the distance at which a person with normal vision could read the same line of the chart  If the best a patient could see was the 20/200 line, then at 20 feet, a patient could see what a healthy eye sees at 200 feet Visual Field Test measures peripheral and central vision o This is the measurement of that area within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed looking straight ahead without moving the head o The physician may actually use his fingers and move in closer to see if the patient’s peripheral vision is affected

Treatment In regards to treatment of eye conditions, you need to know the following terms:  

Enucleation is removal of the entire eyeball. Keratoplasty is surgical repair of the cornea, but more specifically, it is more than a surgical repair of the cornea, it is a cornea transplant o It is transplanting a healthy cornea from the donor to the recipient

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Laser Photocoagulation is using an argon laser (which is a focused light beam that is very intense and precise) to create an inflammatory reaction used to seal retinal tears and repair leaky retinal blood vessels LASIK is the use of an excimer laser to correct areas of refraction like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism o The physician uses that procedure to correct those errors or refraction Vitrectomy is removal of the vitreous humor

Abbreviations – The Eye You need to know the following abbreviations listed in your textbook, again, only the ones that I call out:         

HEENT – Head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat IOL – intraocular lens LASIK – laser in situ keratomileusis OD – right eye OS – left eye OU – both eyes PERRLA – pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation VA – visual acuity VF – visual field

The Ear Anatomy and Physiology We are now moving on to the anatomy of the ear. 

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Outer Ear: o On the outer ear, the projecting flap we call the pinna or auricle o From there it leads to the external auditory meatus, also called the auditory canal o The waxy substance that we know of as ear wax is called cerumen, and it protects and lubricates the ear Middle Ear: o Sound waves travel from the auditory canal and strikes a membrane between the outer and middle ear called the tympanic membrane, also called the ear drum. o As the ear drum vibrates, it moves 3 small bones, also called ossicles o These 3 bones in order of their vibration are the malleus, incus, and stapes o As the stapes move, it touches a membrane called the oval window, which separates the middle ear from the inner ear o Then we have a canal called the auditory tube or Eustachian tube which is the canal that leads from the middle ear to the pharynx

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Inner Ear: o Also called labyrinth o Part of the labyrinth that leads from the oval window is a bony snail shell shaped structure called the cochlea The ear is not only for hearing. It is an important organ for a person’s equilibrium and balance as well o The vestibule, which connects the cochlea for hearing to 3 semi-circular canals for balance

Vocabulary – The Ear You need to know the following Vocabulary terms pertaining to the ear listed in your textbook:               

Auditory Canal Auditory Meatus Auditory Tube Auricle Cerumen Eustachian Tube Incus Labyrinth Malleus Ossicle Oval Window Pinna Semicircular Canals Stapes Tympanic Membrane

Combining Forms – The Ear For the terminology regarding the combining forms for the ear, you need to know all of them listed in your textbook:         

acous/o means hearing audi/o means hearing audit/o means hearing aur/o, auricul/o means ear cochle/o means cochlea mastoid/o means mastoid process myring/o means ear drum, also called tympanic membrane ossicul/o means ossicle ot/o means ear

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salping/o means Eustachian tube or auditory tube staped/o means stapes, third bone of the middle ear tympan/o means tympanic membrane, also called ear drum

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vestibul/o means vestibule

Suffixes – The Ear For the terminology regarding the suffixes for the ear, you need to know all of them listed in your textbook including the following:   

-acusis or – cusis means hearing -meter is an instrument to measure -otia means ear condition o Don’t confuse it with –opia which has to do with vision

Pathology – The Ear In regards to pathology of the ear, I will go over the terms you need to know. You need to know the definition of the terms in bold to the right, you do not have to know all the detail unless I specifically list it     

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Acoustic Neuroma a benign tumor that arises from the acoustic vestibulocochlear nerve, which is the eighth criminal nerve in the brain Cholesteatoma is a collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac in the middle ear Deafness is the loss of the ability to hear Meniere Disease has to do with affecting the labyrinth of the inner ear. There is an elevated endolymph pressure within the cochlea and semicircular canals Otitis Media is a general term that means inflammation of the middle area. o Suppurative otitis media is a bacterial infection in the middle ear with pus o Serous otitis media is a noninfectious inflammation with accumulation of serous fluid resulting from a dysfunctional or obstructed auditory tube Otosclerosis is hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear Tinnitus is the medical term used to describe ringing of the ears, any sensation of noises that the patient can hear, whether it is described as ringing, buzzing, whistling, or booming in the ears. Vertigo is the medical term for dizziness o A sensation of irregular of whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects

Clinical Procedures – The Ear In regards to clinical procedures of the ear, I will go over the terms you need to know. You need to know the definition of the terms in bold to the right, you do not have to know all the detail unless I specifically list it

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Cochlear Implant Procedure is a surgical insertion of a device that allows sensory neural hearing so that impaired people can understand speech Otoscopy is the visual exam of the ear canal using and otoscope, similar to the test of the eye where the physician is using an instrument and looking inside with a light

Abbreviations You need to know the following abbreviations listed in your textbook, again, only the ones that I call out:      

AD – right ear AS – left ear EENT – eyes, ears, nose, and throat ENT – ears, nose, and throat HEENT – heard, eyes, ears, nose, and throat PE Tube – pressure equalizing tube – a polyethylene ventilating tube placed in the eardrum (to treat recurrent episodes of acute otitis media)

This concludes the material for this chapter. Again I want to encourage you to work through all the exercises on the following pages after the chapter including the Practical Applications, Exercises, , and Review Sheet. The Practical Applications section provides an opportunity for you to use your skill in understanding medical terms and to increase your knowledge of new terms. The Exercises section is designed to help you learn the terms presented in the chapter. Writing terms over and over again is a good way to study this new language. Your textbook also includes the answers for the Practical Applications and Exercises. The Pronunciation of Terms section is very helpful in that you are able to look at the pronunciation and try to make sure that you pronouncing the medical terms correctly, so hopefully you will be able to spell the terms correctly, and be able to communicate and converse with other allied health professionals. The Review Sheet are complete lists of the word elements contained in the chapter. They are designed to pull together the terminology and to reinforce your learning by giving you the opportunity to write the meanings of each word part in the spaces provided and to test yourself. All of these exercises will be very beneficial in helping you with your retention....