A&P Histology PDF

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Histology slides on a powerpoint for who may be taking a&p 1....

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Sarah Craioveanu A&P 1 Professor Burns Histology Questions Questions to think about when studying the Power Point on Histology: Do you know this material? 1. Name the four categories to which all tissues belong? Answer: Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, Nervous Tissue 2. What are the specific functions of each of these specific categories? Epithelial- secretion, absorption and excretion Connective- bind structures, provide support and protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infections, help repair tissue damage Muscle- 3 types of muscle tissues: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues. They provide posture and body support, locomotion and heat production Nervous- sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis and mental activity 3. Describe the different types of ways that cells can attach with each other. Cells can attach themselves to each other by cell junctions. Cell junctions are classified into 3 functional groups: Tight Junctions-close space between cells, located among cells that form linings Desmosomes- form “spot welds” between cells, located among outer skin cells Gap Junctions- tubular channels between cells, located in cardiac muscle cells

4. Name the basic structures that all Epithelial tissues have in common: They are all individual cells that are closely attached to each other at their margins to form tight sheets. They have no extra-cellular matrix and no vascularization. Epithelial Tissues are arranged so that there is an apical surface (free surface) and basal region (closely anchored to the underlying CT).

5. What are the names of each type of Epithelial tissue, how can you distinguish them from other types of Epithelial tissues, and where in the body is each type found? The names of the Epithelial tissues are squamous, cuboidal and columnar. Squamous- thin and flat- (simple squamous) found in the renal corpuscle in kidney and lines the arteries veins and capillaries. They are also found in the alveoli of lungs. They line the chambers of the heart and serous membranes. (stratified squamous)- skin, scalp, bottom of feet, rectum, mouth, lining of the nose, vagina and esophagus Cuboidal- look like small cubes in cross section Found in kidney, convoluted tubules, collecting ducts, thyroid glands, surface of ovaries and choroid plexus of brain Columnar- look like tiny columns Found in the small intestine, stomach, large intestine, glands, ducts, uterus and uterine tubes 6. Describe the different types of glandular epithelial tissue and the differences between them. Merocrine Glands- fluid product, salivary glands, pancreas glands, sweat glands Apocrine Glands- cellular product, portions of cells, mammary glands, ceruminous glands Holocrine Glands- secretory products, whole cells, sebaceous glands 7. What are the major characteristics that are common to all Connective tissues? -have a matrix -have varying degrees of vascularity -have cells that usually divide 8. Name each type of connective tissue, where it is found in the body, the types of cells and matrix that it contains and how you would distinguish it from other connective tissues. What is the function of each type of connective tissue? -ground substance- ground and fibers make up the extracellular matrixground substance is a clear, odorless, colorless, viscous fluid that fills the space between the cells and fibers- functions as a molecular sieve for substances to travel between blood capillaries and cells Fibers- 3 types, collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers Collagen-fibrous proteins -are secreted into the extracellular space and they provide high tensile strength to the matrix.

Elastic Fibers- long, thin fibers that form branching network in the extracellular matrix. They help the connective tissue to stretch and recoil Reticular Fibers- short, fine collagenous fibers that can branch extensively to form a delicate network He major functions of the connective tissues are -Binding and supporting -protecting -insulating -storing reserve fuel -transporting substances within the body 9. Describe the characteristics of nervous tissue. Where is it found in the body? What is its function? -Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Nervous tissue makes up the central nervous system and periphal nervous system. -2 major functions- integration and communication -contains 2 categories of cells- neurons and neuroglia -neurons are highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses -neuroglia are supporting cells that provide physical sport, remove debris, and provide electrical insulation

10. List the similarities and differences of the three types of muscle tissue explaining where each is found in the body. 3 types – Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac -They all are contractile -Also called muscle fibers Skeletal muscle-attached to bones, striated, voluntary Smooth muscle- walls of organs, skin, walls of blood vessels, involuntary, non-striated Cardiac Muscle- Heart Wall, Involuntary, Striated, intercalated discs 11. Describe the process involved in tissue damage including the parts of the inflammatory response and tissue repair. Tissues respond to injuries to maintain homeostasis. Cells restore homeostasis with two processes: Inflammation & Regeneration

Inflammation- tissues first response to injury Signs & symptoms of the inflammation response – swelling, redness, heat and pain -can be triggered by physical injury or infection (the presence of harmful pathogens) Regeneration- is the repair that happens after the damaged tissue has been stabilized and the inflammation has subsided. Fibroblasts move into the area, laying down a collagenous framework known as scar tissue.

12. List some of the ways that tissues change during the aging process. -speed and efficiency of tissue repair decrease with age -Due to slower rate of energy consumption, hormonal alterations and reduced physical activity -chemical and structural tissue changes Examples, thinning epithelia and connective tissues, increased bruising and bone brittleness, joint pain and broken bones, cardiovascular disease and mental deterioration -Cancer rates increase with age...