A&P Lab Quiz #5 Notes ( Intro to Skeleton System & Axial Skeleton) PDF

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1. Introduction to the Skeletal System -

The skeletal system consists of the bones and joints

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The study of bones is known as osteology, and the study of joints is a separated discipline called arthrology.

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Together, the bones and joints are the organs that form the skeleton.

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Skeleton is part of the body that performs the functions of support, protection, aid in movement, blood cell formation, and mineral storage.

● Gross Anatomy of Bones -

There are 206 Bones of the body, each of which is an organ composed of compact bone tissue, spongy bone tissue, cartilage, various forms of loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.

❏ Classification of Bones -

Classified based on shape

A. Long Bones: are greater in length than in width.Also, support the weight of the body and facilitate moments. Ex: Femur, humerus, Radius and ulna, Tibia and fibula, Phalanges, Metacarpals and Metatarsals B. Short Bones: are similar in length and width, but little longer than they are wide Also, Cube-Shaped components of the wrist and ankle joints..Ex: tales of the ankle or carousel of the wrist. C. Flat Bones: are flat and also tend to be thin. Also, they protect internal organ such as brain,heart, and lungs.Ex: Streneum, Ribs, Cranial Bones, Scapula D. Irregular Bones: do not fit into the long, short or flat categories. Vary in shape and structure. Ex: Vertebra, right lateral view and Pelvic Bone. E. Sesamoid Bones: are small bones that form within tendons like the patella or kneecap. Also protecting them from stress and wear. F. Sutural Bones: which are tiny bones wedged between cranial bones of the skull. ❏ The parts of a Long Bone -

Every bone has distinct parts, which assist the anatomist task of identifying bones.

A. Epiphysis: The enlarged proximal and distal ends of long bones.

B. Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone C. Articular Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces at the epiphyses D. Red Marrow: Blood cell forming tissue that fills spaces of spongy bone tissue E. Medullary Cavity: The space within the diaphysis F. Yellow Marrow: A fatty material occupying the medullary Cavity G. Periosteum: A dense connective tissue membrane covering the external bone surface H. Endosteum: A connective tissue membrane lining the medullary cavity I. Spongy Bone: The bone tissue filling the epiphyses and lining the medullary cavity contains red marrow. J. Compact Bone: The bone tissue forming the walls of the diaphysis and the bony covering of spongy bone K. Epiphyseal Line: Part of bone that replaces the epiphyseal growth plate, which is where bone elongation occurred. ❏ Surface Features: -

The surface of bones are not perfectly smooth, but contain many distinguishing features.

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A close examination of most bones reveals openings, depressions, processes, ridges, and other surface markings.

Surface Features

Descriptions

Examples

Depression and Openings:

Narrow Crevice

Longitudinal fissure

Fissure

Round or Oval opening

Foramen magnum

Foramen

Shallow depression

Mandibular fossa

Fossa

Narrow depression

Bicipital fossa

Groove

Penetrating hole

Bicipital groove

Meatus

Air-filled cavity

External acoustic meatus

Sinus

Frontal sinus

Projection:

Rounded articular process

Occipital condyle

Condyle

Prominent narrow ridge

Iliac crest

Crest

Elevated area on or above

Medial epicondyle

Epicondyle

condyle

Superior articular facet

Facet

Smooth, almost flat articular

Head of humerus

Head

surface

Linea aspera

Line(linea)

Rounded epiphysis

Ramus of mandible

Ramus

Small, narrow ridge

Spine of scapula

Spine

Flat bridge of bone

Greater trochanter

Trochanter

Sharp, narrow, usually

Lesser tubercule

Tubercle

pointed end

Deltoid Tuberosity

Tuberosity

Large, blunt process( femur only) Small, rounded process Large, rounded or roughened process

❏ Activity 7.1: Identify surface features of bones (Pictures) ● Histology of Compact Bone -

Bone and cartilage are types of connective tissue.

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In this section, you will examine these tissues under the microscope as components of the skeletal system.

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Found along the walls of bones.

❏ Histology Bone Compact Bone Tissue: is composed of a series of cylindrical subunits, known as tissue. ➢ Ostenos: which are closeld arranged to produce a very dense organization 1. Central Canal (Haversian Canal): encircled by layers of mineralized matrix called lamellae 2. Lamellae 3. Lacunae 4. Osteoblasts and Osteocytes

5. Canaliculi provide nourishment 6. Osteoclasts ➢ Perforating (Volkmann’s Canals) Spongy Bone Tissue: Known as cancellous bone. It consists of a series of interlocking thin plates, or trabeculae, to form a lattice-like network. ❏ Activity 7.2: Histology of compact bone

2. Axial Skeleton ( Add more information) -

The skeleton is divided in a town distinct section:The axial skeleton and the appendicular Skeleton.

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The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones that make up the midline of the body

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These bones support and protect the organs of the head, chest, and pelvis and provide attachment sites for the muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk.

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The bones of the axial skeleton are:

● Skull-includes the cranium and facial bones ● Hyoid bone ● Vertebral Column - includes the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx -

Google Images or Textbook for pictures....