AP US History Chapter 1 Notes PDF

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AP US History Chapter Notes Chapter 1 Terms New world: applied to the majority of the earths western hemisphere specifically the Americas

Intro -Columbus meant a lot of global connections -transfer of crops across hemispheres -transfer of diseases -people had no immunity since they had never previously travelled -Africa joined the trade population and movement -Europeans find unfree labour in Africa and exploit the fertile lands of the western hemisphere -europeans think America is great and a good chance to own more land -there was constant warfare amongst European nations due to different languages, religions, cultures The Settling of the Americas -agriculture development allowed for settled civilizations -america was very developed in terms of structures and trade networks -north America lacked development which is one of the main justifications for the European conquest Indians of eastern north America -very diverse society in terms of politics and religious beliefs Native American religion -united through religion -had very elaborate practices -the Europeans still thought that the natives were still in need of conversion to Christian faith Land and property -the Indians thought that land was a common resource rather than an economic commodity -Indian reputation was largely based on willingness to share goods, wealth mattered less -Indians did not really experience starvation and inequality amongst members of society, unlike Europe -Indian women actually had some rights, unlike European European vs Indian views -Europeans viewed the Indians either as ‘noble savages’ or uncivilised barbarians

-Europeans thought that the Indians lacked religion, law, order, and thought they did not respect authority -Europeans viewed the women as weak and mistreated, they looked down upon the hunting practices of the men and referred to them as leisurely activities -Europeans viewed nature as a collection of potential commodities, an economic opportunity -contrastingly, the Indians viewed nature as a world of spirits and souls Different approaches to claiming land -Spanish claimed the land by conquest, a more violent approach -the English, French, and Dutch rely on the idea that the Indians have not yet used the land, therefore, they don’t yet own it/ cannot claim it Indian way of life -the Indians held group values rather than individual especially in terms of freedom. The collective wellbeing of the group was what they valued Christian Liberty and religion -throughout Europe the concept of freedom meant abandoning the life of the sin and embracing the way of god -every nation in Europe had an established church -religious wars in Europe stemmed from disagreement about which religion should predominate the kingdom rather than the ability of the individual to worship a religion of their choice Freedom and authority (europe) -early modern European societies were extremely hierarchical -women in Europe pretty much had no rights, the men controlled the family and everything -the electorate was limited to a small portion of the male population due to property qualifications and other restrictions -the government regularly supressed publications it did not like, criticism of authority could lead to imprisonment UP TO HERE The expansion of Europe -the Portuguese discovered a sea route from Europe to Asia around the southern tip of Africa Why is this important -they (the Americans I think) wanted a direct route to Asia so they could eliminate Islamic middlemen and win control of the trade for Christian western Europe Who though? Chinese and Portuguese Navigation -Admiral Zheng he led several expeditions in the Indian ocean. Less so for discovery rather to advertise China’s power (resources?) -China did not feel the need for overseas expansion -China became the world’s most important trading economy -Portuguese came up with the Caravel: a ship designed to travel long distances and was also able to navigate

Portuguese and West Africa -the Portuguese developed trading posts on the western coast of Africa -colonised several places in the Atlantic off the African coast -established plantations on the Atlantic islands Freedom and Slavery in Africa -there was slavery in Africa long before the arrival of the Europeans -the coming of the Portuguese and other European nations meant that more African slaves were being bought and more quickly Portuguese -Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa to India showing that it was a feasible sea route -Portugal established a trading empire with bases in India, China, and Indonesia Is this as a result of vasco’s discovery of the sea route Adventures of Columbus -had religious and commercial motives. He also hoped to convert Asians to Christianity -in 1493 colonisation of the new world began Exploration and conquest -printing with moveable type led to a rapid spread of information Conquistadors/Spanish -were motivated by wealth, national glory, and the desire to spread Catholicism Aztecs (Mexican) -violent warriors -Cortes conquered Aztec city using superior military technology. Smallpox also devastated the Aztec society assisting Cortes in his victory. The demographic disaster -Columbian exchange: the flow of goods and people across the Atlantic. -altered millions of years of evolution -plants, animals, and cultures that were previously separate were now thrown together -germs spread -Indian populations suffered due to contact with the Europeans -many west Indian islands were also de-populated -consequences of European colonization included: (of the Americas) -advanced military technology -enslavement -forced conversion to Christianity -destruction of long-established communities The Spanish Empire -by the middle of the 16th century Spain that reached from Europe to the America’s to Asia

Governing Spanish America -in aim to escape the destructiveness of the conquistadors the Spanish crown implemented a system of government headed by lawyers and securocrats -the catholic church also played a significant role in the administration of Spanish colonies -local councils and organisations were relatively independent due to the vastness of the Spanish empire Colonists in Spanish America -it was not necessary for Spain to import African slaves, instead they utilized the Indians to work at gold and silver mines -the Indians outnumbered the Spanish so large areas remained under Indian control are these two related^? -Spanish and Indians began to mix creating what is known as Mestizos -Spanish evolved to be part Spanish, part Indian, part African but with a single official faith, language, and government Martin Luther -accused the church of worldliness and corruption -this led to the rise of new protestant churches independent of Rome, Europe went into a century of religious and political strife Spreading the faith -Spain attempted again to convert the Indians to catholic -Spain insisted that the primary goal of colonization was to save the Indians from heathenism -over time millions of Indians were converted to Catholicism Action against slavery -Pope Paul 2 made enslavement of Indians illegal -Las Casas freed his own Indian slaves and began to preach the injustices of the Spanish rule -Las Casas was the first to insist that Indians are rational beings not barbarians Reforming the Empire -in 1550 Spain abolished the encomienda system, under which the first settlers had been granted authority over stolen lands -the government instead established the repartimiento system, under which Indians were legally free and entitled to wages but still had to perform a fixed amount of labour each year -the system still allowed for abuse of Indians by Spanish landlords and priests -by the end of the 16th century the work in the Spanish empire consisted of forced wage labour by the native inhabitants and slave labour by Africans -Black Legend: -the idea that Spain is brutal and an exploitative colonizer. This image of Spain provides justification for Europe’s powers to challenge Spain’s predominance in the new world. Exploring Spain -in 1508 Spain made their first permanent colony in what is now the united states

-spanish explorers set out to the Gulf region and the southwest in search of another Mexico or peru. These expeditions spread disease and devestation among Indian communities Spanish Florida -spain tried to convert what is now florida to christianity, it didn’t work Spain in the southwest -Onate killed and tortured Indians. He promoted the idea that that was the consequence for disobeying authorities -he was later punished for his treatment of the Indians The Pueblo Revolt -the spanish (?) were trying to convert the Indians to catholic using violent and cruel methods -the pueblo people had long been divided among themselves so the Spanish did not think they would unite and revolt against them -however, Pope organised an uprising which eventually defeated the Spanish -this revolt was the most complete victory for the native Americans -Spain learned a lesson and adopted a more tolerant attitude toward religious practises and made fewer demands on the Indian labour The French and Dutch empires -the establishment of Spain’s American empire transformed the balance of power in the world’s economy -the Atlantic replaced the overland route to Asia as the major axis for global trade French Colonization -the French tried to establish settlements in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia but failed due to lack of planning, funding, and native resistance -France, England, and the Netherlands all did not establish permanent settlements in North America till the 17th century New France and the Indians -France was a small white population that relied mainly on friendly relations with the local Indians -the French spread disease to the Europeans The Dutch empire -Henry Hudson claimed what is now known as New York for the Netherlands -in the early 17th century the Netherlands dominated international commerce Dutch Freedom -the Dutch had two freedoms that were not recognised anywhere else in Europe: -freedom of the press -freedom of private religious practise -as a result Amsterdam became a religious safe haven

-Dutch women possessed more freedom than those from other nationalities -people had the right to practise their own religions privately but not publicly New Netherland and the Indians -the Dutch came to north America to trade not to conquer -Dutch treated the native inhabitants more humanely -Governor William Kief seized fertile lands from nearby Indians and sparked a 3 year war Borderlands -a spot where geographical and cultural borders are not clearly defined -at the edge of an empire power is always unstable -all the empires brought Christianity, new forms of technology and learning, new legal systems and family relations, they also brought savage warfare and disease -dreams of freedom inspired and justified colonization all around

Video Notes -england was late in settling in the new world Motives: -national power -combating power of rivals -prided themselves on being an example of freedom -they had a constitutional monarchy -trial by jury -basic rights of citizens -they thought that they were bringing freedom to the New World, even to the native people -^this is important in justifying English expansion during this time -the English thought that indian women working was a violation of freedom, they thought the women lacked freedom since they were always out working Different Ideas of freedom -owning land was the essence of freedom -to be economically independent was to be free -in England the government censored publications The Pueblo Revolt

To Learn - Portuguese contact with African societies, the voyages of Columbus, and the Spanish conquest of Mexico and South America are discussed, with critical analysis of the demographic consequences of those contacts.

- Other aspects of Spanish colonization—including justifications for conquest, economic matters, and Spanish-Indian relations—are also considered....