AP US History PDF

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AP US History pt.2 terms and definitions...

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AP US History: Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) - An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. St. Augustine (1565) - The oldest continually inhabited European settlement in United States territory. Mercantilism - European government policies of the 16th-18th centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country & its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. New Amsterdam - A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island. Annexed by the English in 1664. New France (1608) - A French colony in North America. Fell to the British in 1763. Treaty of Utrecht (1713) - Ended the War of Spanish Succession & recognized France's Philip V as Kind of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies; gave England profitable lands in North America from France. Jamestown (1607) - First permanent English settlement in the New World located in Virginia on the Chesapeake Bay/James River; settled by the Virginia Company of London. - History: - Original settlers suffered from disease (especially malaria), internal strife, & starvation. - Leaders: - John Smith - Demanded that "He who does not work, will not eat." - John Rolfe - Introduced tobacco to the colony. Bacon's Rebellion (1676) - Rebellion of discontent former landless servants led by Nathaniel Bacon. Historical Significance: - Led to a move from indentured servants to African slaves for labor purposes.

Plymouth (1620) - The first permanent English settlement in New England; established by religious separatists seeking autonomy from the church of England. Pilgrims - Group of Puritan separatists who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) - Home to many Puritans who left England because of the persecution they faced from the Anglican Church. History: - Developed into a theocracy in which the church was central to all decisions; became the first English colony to establish the basis for a representative government. Leaders: - John Winthrop - Envisioned the colony as a "City upon a Hill." Puritans - English religious sect who hoped to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice & organization. John Winthrop - Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony who was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy; envisioned the colony as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. Roger Williams - Puritan dissenter who advocated of religious freedom, the separation of church & state, & fair dealings with Native Americans; convicted of sedition & heresy & banished from the colony; founded Providence Plantation (RI) in 1636. Anne Hutchinson - Puritan dissenter who challenged the authority of the ministers, exposing the subordination of women in the culture of colonial Massachusetts; tried, convicted, & banished from the colony in 1637. William Penn - An English Quaker who founded Pennsylvania in 1682 as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance. Maryland Toleration Act (1649) - The first law on religious tolerance in the British North America; allowed freedom of worship for all Christians - including Catholics - in Maryland, but sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.

First Great Awakening - Religious revival movement during the 1730s and 1740s; stressed the need for individuals to repent and urged a personal understanding of truth. Leaders: - George Whitefield - Jonathan Edwards - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Historical Significance: - Reduced the number of church leaders and led to a schism within the Protestant Church. Stono Rebellion (1739) - The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period; inspired in part by Spanish officials' promise of freedom for American slaves who escaped to Florida. Historical Significance: - Led to the Negro Act of 1740 prohibiting slaves from growing their own food, assembling in groups, earning money, or learning to read and making it more difficult to free slaves. French & Indian War (1754-1763) - The name for the North American theater of the Seven Years War & was a successful attempt to move the French out of the Ohio Valley & to stop Indian raids on frontier settlements. Historical Significance: - Colonists gained pride in their own military strength, felt more disconnected from Britain, & were left without fear of French a invasion. Albany Plan of Union (1754) - Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown. William Pitt - Statesman who led Britain during the French & Indian War; his decision to pour the full resources of the British Treasury onto the contest & dramatically increase the number of British forces fighting in North America was largely responsible for Britain's victory. Fort Duquesne - French fort that was site of first major battle of French & Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops & was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict. Peace of Paris (1763) - Ended French and Indian War Terms: - Britain gained all of French Canada & all territory south of Canada & east of the Mississippi River.

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France & Spain lost their West Indian colonies. Britain gained Spanish Florida. Spain gained French territory west of the Mississippi, including control of the port city of New Orleans.

Chief Pontiac - Ottawa Indian who led a rebellion against the British occupying the western parts of the American colonies after the French & Indian War. Salutary Neglect - Prime Minister Robert Walpole's policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was primarily concerned with British affairs & believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies. Navigation Laws - A series of strict British trade policies designed to promote English shipping & control colonial trade in regard to important crops (such as tobacco) & resources, which had to be shipped exclusively on British ships. Molasses Act (1733) - British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, & sugar imported from countries other than Britain & her colonies; British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants did not pay it. George Grenville - Became the Prime Minister of England in 1763; proposed the Sugar & Stamp Acts to raise revenue in the colonies in order to defray the expenses of the French & Indian War & to maintain Britain's expanded empire in America. Proclamation of 1763 - Forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains & required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. Sugar Act (1764) - Replaced the Molasses Act (1733). - Reduced the duties on imported sugar, while the British made a concerted effort to enforce the act & punish smugglers. Currency Act (1764) - Forbade colonists from printing their own currency & instead required them to use hard currency (gold & silver) which was in short supply in the colonies....