Ch 18 COULD USE FOR AP US HISTORY CLASSES PDF

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Chapter 18...

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APUSH Chapter 18 notes Mr. Dunn

Chapter 18: The Age of the City I. The Urbanization of America A. The Lure of the City  Urban population increased sevenfold after the Civil War  In 1920, the census revealed that for the first time, a majority of Americans lived in urban areas o NY grew from 1 million in 1860 to 3 million in 1900; Chicago from 100,00 to over a million  City attracted people because it offered conveniences, entertainments, and cultural experiences  Most of all, cities attracted people because they offered more and better paying jobs B. Migrations  Among those leaving rural America for industrial cities were young rural women  Southern blacks were beginning a century-long exodus from the countryside to the city  Factory jobs for blacks were rare and professional opportunities almost nonexistent  Most important source of urban population growth in late 19th century was the arrival of immigrants  10 million between 1860 & 1890; 18 million more in the three decades after that C. The Ethnic City  NY had more Irish than Dublin & more Germans than Hamburg; Chicago had more Poles than Warsaw  In some towns, a dozen different ethnic groups found themselves living in close proximity  Benefits of ethnic communities: newspapers and theaters in their native tongue, native foods, churches or synagogues and fraternal organizations that linked their national pasts  Jews and Germans advanced more rapidly than the Irish  Immigrants who aroused strong racial prejudice found it very difficult to advance  Most notably African Americans, Asians, and Mexicans  The Irish in NY & Boston and Germans in Milwaukee gained advantage by exerting their political power D. Assimilation  Majority of newcomers were between 15 and 45 years old  Second generation immigrants were more likely to try to assimilate completely into American culture  Assimilation put a strain on relationships between men and women in immigrant communities  Many immigrant women began working outside the home and developed friendships & interests outside the family  Assimilation was not entirely a matter of choice: Public schools taught children in English & employers insisted that workers speak English on the job E. Exclusion  Arrival of so many new immigrants provoked fear and resentment among native-born Americans  “Foreignness” seen as source of all disorder and corruption in the urban world  “These people are not American, but the very scum and offal of Europe. . .”  Native laborers were incensed at immigrant workers for accepting lower wages  In 1887, Henry Bowers founded the American Protective Association  Immigration Restriction League was designed to separate the desirable from the undesirable  Immigration was providing a rapidly growing economy with a cheap and plentiful labor supply II. The Urban Landscape A. The Creation of Public Space  Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux teamed in the late 1850s to design Central Park in NY  Cities were also creating great public buildings: libraries, art galleries, museums and theaters  Wealthy residents of cities were the principle force behind creation of public buildings and parks  The 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago inspired the “City Beautiful” movement  Aimed to impose order and symmetry on disordered life of cities  In Boston, a large marshy area was created into the neighborhood known as “Back Bay” B. Housing the Well-to-do  Availability of cheap labor and accessibility of tools & materials reduced the cost of building

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Richest urban residents lived in mansions and created lavish “fashionable districts” o Fifth Ave. (NY), Back Bay/Beacon Hill (Boston), Lake Shore Dr.(Chicago) & Nob Hill (SF)  Chicago, in the 1870’s, boasted nearly 100 residential suburbs connected to the city  Real estate developers promoted suburban communities C. Housing Workers and the Poor  Most urban residents could not afford a house in the city or to move to the suburbs  In Manhattan, the average population density in 1894 was 143 people per acre – higher rate than the most crowded cities in Europe (Paris had 127 per acre and Berlin 101)  In NY, more than a million people lived in tenements  Tenements became miserable abodes w/ windowless rooms, no plumbing or heating, and perhaps privies in the basement  Jacob Riis shocked middle-class Americans w/ his 1890 book, How the Other Half Lives D. Urban Transportation  By 1890, Chicago had paved only about 600 of its more than 2,000 miles of streets  In 1870, NY opened its first elevated railway  Richmond, VA introduced the first electronic trolley line in the 1880s  In 1897, Boston opened the first American subway  Brooklyn Bridge, designed by John A. Roebling, was finished in the 1880s E. The “Skyscraper”  By the 1850s, there had been successful experiments with machine powered passenger elevators  The Equitable Building in New York was completed in 1870  The Modern skyscraper was made possible by steel girder construction  Chicago architect Luis Sullivan introduced modern, functional elements to the genre: large windows, sheer lines and limited ornamentation to emphasize the height of the building III.Strains of Urban Life A. Fire and Disease  Chicago and Boston suffered “great fires” in 1871  Encouraged construction of fireproof buildings & development of professional fire departments  Forced cities to rebuild at time when new technology and architectural innovations were available B. Environmental Degradation  Improper disposal of human & industrial waste was a common feature of large cities  Air pollution from factories, stoves and furnaces was constant and at times severe  New sewage and drainage systems were created to protect drinking water from sewage disposal  Alice Hamilton documented ways in which improper disposal of such dangerous substances as lead, chemical waste, and ceramic dust were creating widespread sickness  In 1912, the federal govt. created the Public Health Service  led to creation of OSHA in 1970 C. Urban Poverty  The expansion of cities spawned widespread poverty  Middle-class people believed too much assistance would breed dependency o Poverty was the fault of the poor  result of laziness, alcoholism & other kinds of irresponsibility  Salvation Army concentrated more on religious revivalism than on the relief of the homeless & hungry  “Street Arabs” attracted more attention from reformers than any other group D. Crime and Violence  US murder rate rose from 25 murders per million people in 1880 to over 100 by end of the century  Native-born Americans blamed immigrant groups, but natives were as likely to commit crimes as immigrants  Rising crime rate encouraged many cities to develop larger and more professional police forces  Police forces themselves could spawn corruption and brutality because they were filled through political patronage  Urban national guard groups built armories on the outskirts of neighborhoods in preparation for uprisings E. The Machine and the Boss  The urban machine was one of America’s most distinctive political institutions o Politicians who could mobilize that power stood to gain enormous influence & public office

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Principal function of the political boss was to win votes for his organization Above all, he rewarded his followers w/ patronage: jobs in city govt. or city agencies as the police, building/operating new transit systems & opportunities to rise in the political organization  Most famous corrupt city boss was William M. Tweed, NY City’s Tammany Hall, in the 1860s & 1870s  Political organizations were responsible not just for corruption, but for modernizing city infrastructures, expanding role of government, and creating stability in a political and social climate  Several factors made boss rule possible: power of immigrant voters, link between political organizations and the wealthy & the structural weakness of city govts. IV. The Rise of Mass Consumption A. Patterns of Income and Consumption  Incomes in the industrial era were rising for almost everyone, although at highly uneven rates  The salaries of “white collar” workers rose on average by a third between 1890 and 1910  Industries with large female, African- American, or Mexican work forces saw very small increases  Important to the new mass market was development of affordable products & new merchandising techniques  By the end of the century, virtually all Americans bought their clothing from stores o As a result, people became more concerned w/ personal style  Another example of the rise of mass market was the way Americans bought & prepared food o The changes meant improved diets & improved health B. Chain Stores and Mail- Order Houses  Chain stores were able to sell manufactured goods at lower prices than local, independent stores  Rural people gradually gained access to the new consumer world through the great mail-order houses  Bulky catalogs from Ward & Sears changed the lives of many isolated people C. Department Stores  Marshall Field in Chicago created first American department store; followed by Macy’s in NY  Brought together enormous array of products that had previously been sold in separate shops  Strove to create an atmosphere of wonder & excitement  Took advantage of economics of scale to sell merchandise at lower prices than individual shops D. Women as Consumers  Consumer economy produced new employment opportunities for women as sales clerks and waitresses  National Consumers League formed to improve wages and working conditions for women workers  Mobilization of women behind consumer causes was an important political development V. Leisure in the Consumer Society  Working hours in factories declined from 70 hours a week in 1860 to fewer than 60 in 1900  Lives of Americans were becoming compartmentalized w/ clear distinctions between work & leisure A. Redefining Leisure  Industrial workers adopted, “Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, and eight hours for what we will”  Leisure time was an important contribution to an individuals emotional & spiritual health  Economist Simon Patten articulated this new view of leisure; tied closely to rising interest in consumption  New economies could create enough wealth to satisfy not just needs, but also desires  Principal goal should be an abundance of goods & the pursuit of pleasure  In earlier times, entertainment meant “going out” to amusement parks like Coney Island, as did thousands in dance halls, vaudeville houses & concert halls,  NY enjoyed Central Park and moviegoers enjoyed lavish “movie palaces”  Saloons & sporting events tended to be male preserves  Shopping, tea rooms & luncheonettes were characteristic of female leisure  There were relatively few places where people of widely diverse backgrounds gather together B. Spectator Sports  Baseball, by the end of century was on its way to becoming “national pastime”  Football, second most popular game, originated in colleges and universities o Amos Alonzo Stagg formed the Western Conference, or Big Ten, in 1896 o In 1910, the NCAA revised the rules of the game to make it safer & more honest

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Basketball was invented in 1891 at Springfield, MA by Dr. James Naismith Spectator sports were closely associated with gambling o Throwing of 1919 World Series in the infamous “Black Sox Scandal”  Women’s colleges were beginning to introduce students to more strenuous sports - track, crew, swimming and basketball C. Music and Theater  Ethnic communities maintained theaters; immigrants listened to music of their homelands and heard comedians make light of their experiences in the New World  One of the most distinctively American entertainment forms was the musical comedy  Vaudeville consisted of a variety of acts like musicians, comedians, magicians and jugglers D. The Movies  Movies were the most important form of mass entertainment until radio and television  Early movies were usually plotless films designed mainly to show off the technology  D. W. Griffith carried motion pictures into a new era with silent epics  Some films contained notoriously racist messages indicating that audiences were overwhelmingly white E. Working-Class Leisure  People w/ time but little money found life of the street an appealing source of camaraderie and energy  Saloons were often ethnically specific and became political centers  Anti-Saloon League attacked saloons to weaken political machines; saloons were places of crime, violence, and prostitution  Boxing matches in small rings and saloons were organized by ethnic clubs F. The Fourth of July  Was, for many decades, one of the few full days of leisure that many workers had  Ethnic groups organized their own Fourth of July events with picnics, games and parades  In southern cities, the Fourth of July was complicated, shaped by the memory of Civil War and continuing racial divisions in southern society  Whites imposed tighter restrictions on how African Americans could celebrate G. Private Pursuits  Americans amused themselves by reading; dime novels became popular after the Civil War  Music was a popular form of leisure; public performances attracted large crowds  Middle-class families placed high value in learning to play an instrument  Affluent families emphasized classical music, middle-class families favored traditional and sentimental ballads, and ragtime extended into the home H. Mass Communications  Between 1870 and 1910, circulation of daily newspapers increased nearly ninefold  Emergence of national press services made use of telegraph to supply news and features to papers throughout county  Most powerful was William Randolph Hearst, by 1914 controlled nine newspapers and two magazines  Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer popularized “yellow journalism” – deliberately sensationalized, lurid reporting presented in bold graphics to reach a mass audience  Edward W. Bok, by targeting a mass female audience, built circulation to over 700,000 VI. High Culture in the Age of the City A. The Literature of Urban America  A strong impulse in American literature was the effort to re-create urban social reality  Socialist write, Upton Sinclair, published The Jungle in 1906; designed to reveal depravity of capitalism  Exposed abuses in meatpacking industry; produced legislative action to deal w/ problem  Reading clubs made literature a social experience for women that has continued into the 21st century B. Art in the Age of the City  By 1900, a number of American artists broke form Old World traditions and experimented with new styles  Members of Ashcan School produced work startling in naturalism & stark in portrayal of social realities  Among the first Americans to appreciate expressionism and abstractionism; they helped stage the famous and controversial “Armory Show”  The work marked the beginning in America of artistic movement known as modernism

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Modernists rejected the past and embraced new subjects and new forms; it gloried in the ordinary & coarse and looked to the future & gloried in the new C. The Impact of Darwinism  Single most profound intellectual development in late 19th century was theory of evolution  Darwinism argued that human species evolved from earlier forms of life through “natural selection”  Rise of Darwinism contributed to a deep schism between new, cosmopolitan culture of the city and more traditional, provincial culture located in rural areas  According to pragmatists, modern society should rely for guidance not on inherited ideals and moral principles but on the test of scientific inquiry  Darwinism promoted growth of anthropology & encouraged scholars to examine other cultures in new ways D. Toward Universal Schooling  In 1860, there were 100 public high schools in the US; by 1900, there were 6,000 & by 1914 over 12,000  In 1879, Pratt organized Carlisle Indian Industrial School to “kill the Indian and save the man”  Colleges and universities benefited particularly from the Morrill Land Grant Act of the Civil War  Other universities benefited from millions of dollars contributed by business and financial tycoons o Rockefeller and Carnegie gave generously to Ivy League schools & others E. Education for Women  At the end of the Civil War, only three American colleges were coeducational  Proponents of women’s colleges saw the institutions as places where female students would not be treated as “second-class citizens”  Most faculty members & many administrators were women; women became the leaders of many reform activities  Over 25% did not marry at all, but devoted themselves exclusively to careers  Growth of female higher education became a liberating experience for women

Chapter 34 The Age of Globalization I. Resurgence of Partisanship  Bill Clinton took oath of office in January 1993.  Won the votes of under half the electorate.

 Republican leadership in Congress opposed president with unanimity on many issues. A. Launching the Clinton Presidency  Failed effort to end long time ban on gay men and women serving in military met with ferocious resistance from armed forces and conservatives.  Banking and real estate ventures involving the president and his wife became known as the Whitewater affair.  Won approval of North American free trade agreement which eliminated most trade barriers among U.S, Canada, and Mexico.  Appointed tack force chared by wife, Hillary, which proposed sweeping reformed designed to guarantee coverage to every American and hold down costs finical care.  Congress abandoned health-care reform effort.  United Stated was among nations to send peace keeping troops to Bosnia. B. The Republican Resurgence  1994 election, Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress.  “Contract with America” called for tax reductions, changes in federal spending, and other promises.  The gap between Democratic White House and Republican Congress on many major issues was relatively small.  In November 1995 and January 1996, federal government shut down for several days because President and Congress could not agree on budget. C. The Election of 1996  Clinton versus Dole  Clinton could campaign as champion of peace, prosperity, and national well-being.  In spring and summer of 1996, Congress passed several important bills.  Raised minimum wage for first time in more that a decade.  Passed welfare reform bill.  Ended fifty-year federal guarantee of assistance to families with dependent children and turned most of responsibility for funds to states.  It shifted bulk of benefits away from those without jobs and toward support for lowwage workers.  Clinton received over 49 percent of popular vote and 379 electoral votes. D. Clinton Triumphant and Embattled  Bill Clinton was first Democratic president to win two terms as president since Franklin Roosevelt.  Negotiated effectively with Republican leadership on plan for balanced budget.  Had been bedeviled by alleged scandals almost from first weeks in office.  Whitewater  Chares of corruption leveled against members of cabinet and staff.  Accusations of illegalities in financing 1996 campaign.  Civil suit for sexual harassment by former state employee in Arkansas, Paula Jones.  Paula Jones case led to charges that president had sexual relationship with White House intern, Monica Lewinsky.  Clinton finally admitted that he and Lewinsky had and “improper relationship”. E. Impeachment, Acquittal, and Resurgence  House Judiciary Committee and full House approved two counts of impeachment:  Lying to grand jury and obstructing justice.  Trial ended with acquittal of president.  Iraqi president Saddam Hussein now balked at agreements he signed at end of the Gulf war and refused to permit international inspectors to examine military sites in country.  Clinton ordered a series of American bombing strikes at military targets in Iraq.  Conflict between Serbian government of Yugoslavia and Kosovo separatists erupted into a civil war in 1998.  May 1999, NATO forces began a major bombing campaign against Serbians led leader of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milosevic, to agree to a cease-fire. F. Election of 2000

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George Bush versus Al Gore. Gore won national popular cote by .05%. ...