Task 3 us history PDF

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This is the third assignment for the survey of United States history C 121 at western governors university, the first try I passed. Please give me a thumbs up after review if you like, thank you....

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Task 3 Vanessa Murray College of Business, Western Governors University C121: Survey of United States History Melissa Maestri November 3, 2021

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Task 3

Under President Lincoln’s reconstruction the Emancipation Proclamation law was passed freeing all previously enslaved people close to the end of the war. In response African Americans joined the union army in large numbers reaching close to 200,000. Black people that served in the union as payment received the lands that were taken from the confederates. They also received food, shelter, employment, and education due to the law passed by the Lincoln administration called the Freedmen’s Bureau. The Freedmen’s Bureau was put in place to help previously enslaved people make the transition to freedmen. Around this time President Lincoln was assassinated and the new President Andrew Johnson took over the reconstruction. (History.com Editors, 2021) Under President Johnson’s reconstruction, the land that was given to previously enslaved people was confiscated and returned to its previous owners. Shortly after restoring the land to prewar owners, President Johnson passed the Black Codes legislation, which was formed to restrict the behavior and labor of African Americans. It seemed that President Johnson was opposed to the Freedmen’s Bureau, but with African American’s forming the majority in the southern states it made little difference. African Americans, unlike anything heard in society after ending slavery, began to participate in black conventions, democracy, and demanded civil and political rights. This led to the passing of the Civil Rights Bill, which became the first law to be passed over a presidential veto. Congress then passed the Bill of Rights, which granted equality amongst all citizens regardless of state laws. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2021)

3 African American’s were able to have a voice in government and were even elected in the house of representatives and congress. African Americans were able to receive education in public schools funded by the government and received payment for any labor they did. Some African Americans fled the south, while others decided to stay and work the land. Things became better for African Americans, but of course racism was still felt. Hate groups rose across the south, one of the most notorious were known as the Ku Klux Klan. (Constitutional Rights Foundation, 2021) Before American industrialization, products were made by hand and took a long time to produce. Most businesses could only serve local communities and had limited sources of capital to expand. New inventions such as the railroads kicked off the beginning of the industrial revolution, which allowed the distribution of goods nationwide. Later more inventions were created in America, allowing products to be made in larger quantities with a decrease in expense. Large mills were formed where people and machines came together on assembly lines to supply the demand for these products. As a result of this industrialization farmers and their families moved closer to the mills for work, settling in housing nearby. America started to look different, instead of being mainly rural, urban cities started to grow. Inventions led to an increase in factories, mills, and mines, which as a result led to more people living in urban cities. (Collinge, 2013)

Industrialization contributed to mass numbers of immigrants migrating to America, which created the diversity we see in America today. The inventions made it possible for unskilled workers to find jobs, although they were offered cheap wages. At this time women and children were also employed but received less money. Products that used to take 100 workers a month to produce would now only take 2 workers half the time to produce. The population

4 dramatically increased, there was an advance in communication systems, new products were created, and this was all due to the industrial revolution. (Active USA Center A.U.C., 1999-2021) During the early 19th century, there was a rise in progressive movements occurring in the United States. The goal of these movements was to implement the measure of equality for all Americans, who did not have the same rights as others at the time. Religious movements led by protestant ministers contributed to these progressive reforms; feeling a heavenly duty to ensure equality for all. “These reformers argued that Christians should apply their teachings to public problems.” (Cook, Haplin, 2021) Religious leaders and politicians implemented reforms fighting for fair working conditions, equality within the justice systems, and moral values amongst the community. (Cook, Haplin, 2021) Many progressive movements came into view around this time as well, including Womens Suffrage movement and the movement for racial equality. The National Women's Suffrage Association was established in 1869 by Elizabeth and Anthony Stanton. The goal of the movement was to gain women’s rights to vote, the right to participate in political affairs, and economic reform. Women’s suffrage also fought for equal and fair wages for labor, because it was a known fact that men received the better, higher paying jobs. (Lange, 2015) Another recognized progressive movement that fought for racial equality was called the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. They believed that under God all people were made equal no matter what skin color they were born with. They fought for racial equality by lobbying, boycotting, and public speaking with one of the most famous leaders being Martin Luther King Jr. Booker T. Washington was also a leader in the racial equality movement, who established the Tuskegee Institute for people of color to learn trades. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (also known as the NAACP) also fought for economic,

5 moral, and social reform. The aftermath of these progressive movements resulted in the passing of new laws that regulated labor practices, drug, and railroad industries. These progressive era movements also contributed to women’s rights to vote and independence from their husbands, along with recognizing African Americans civil rights. (Lewis, 2020) At the turn of the century, the United States grew more imperialistic in nature. In other words, the government felt the need to grow in power to become one of the world’s superpower countries. This resulted in one or two conflicts out of a few to occur/ the Hawaiian Annexation was one such conflict. According to Peter Shepardson, “One of the major proponents for the acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands, and the imperialist philosophy in general, was Theodore Roosevelt, who was Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Navy. The Hawaiian Islands, located in the center of the pacific, provided a strategic location for a U.S. military base and would help to establish the U.S. as a world superpower.” It was through this type of thinking that Hawaiian Annexation occurred. The sugar trade was big business around this time and the Island of Hawaii provided excellent conditions for the sugar cane crop to flourish. Many of the indigenous people were against the sugar trade business, as a result to protect the farmers a law called the Bayonet Constitution. The Bayonet Constitution stripped the King of Hawaii of his powers and silenced democracy amongst their community. In response to the Bayonet Constitution, some indigenous people formed a resistance led by Robert Wilcox, but it only led to negotiations for the U.S. to acquire the islands as a protectorate. Shortly after this is seemed as if the Japanese invaded Hawaii to claim it for their own, in response to this the United States decided to begin annexation of Hawaii. (Shepardson, 1998). The War in the Philippines was another conflict that came about due to American imperialism. The Philippines was ruled by the Spanish dating back from the 1500’s, but this was

6 soon to change after Spain's defeat in the Spanish-American War. On February 4, 1899, Spain ceded the Philippines to America in the Treaty of Paris. Shortly after the treaty was signed, Filipino natives began to revolt against American forces. The Filipinos wanted their independence instead of being passed along to the next oppressor. This kicked off the beginning of the Philippine-American War, which lasted 3 years with many casualties. It was estimated that around 5,000 American troops died along with 20,000 Filipinos. According to the Office of The Historian, “The decision by U.S. policymakers to annex the Philippines was not without domestic controversy. Americans who advocated annexation evinced a variety of motivations: desire for commercial opportunities in Asia, concern that the Filipinos were incapable of self-rule, and fear that if the United States did not take control of the islands, another power (such as Germany o r Japan) might do so.” Although there was controversy amongst many on whether the U.S. should annex the Philippines, annexation moved forward in 1900 under President Taft. Along with the annexation came the policy of attraction, which offered social reform, self-government, and plans to develop economic growth in the Philippines. (Office of The Historian, 2021)

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References

History.com editors. (2021) Reconstruction. https://www.history.com/topics/americancivil-war/reconstruction

Encyclopædia Britannica. (2021). “The First Colored Senator and Representatives” https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconstruction-United-States-history#/media/1/493722/145442

Constitutional Rights Foundation. (2021). “The Southern “ Black Codes” of 1865-66" https://www.crf-usa.org/brown-v-board-50th-anniversary/southern-black-codes.html

Collinge. S. (2013). “The Effects of Industrilization in The United States” https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/605391/Blog/Unit%20Resources/5th%20Grade/5.4%20day%202%20industriali zation.pdf

8 Active USA Center A.U.C. (1999-2021). “History of The United States Industrialization and Reform (1870-1916)” https://www.theusaonline.com/history/industrialization.htm

Cook. M. Haplin. J. (2021). “The Role of Faith in the Progressive Movement” https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2010/10/08/8490/the-role-of-faith-in-theprogressive-movement/

Lange. A. (2015). “Female Reformers in the Progressive Era” http://www.crusadeforthevote.org/progressive-era-reformers

Lewis. F. (2020). “African Americans in the Progressive Era” https://www.thoughtco.com/africanamericans-in-the-progressive-era-45390

Shepardson. P. (1998). “Annexing Hawaii: The Real Story” https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/annexing-hawaii-real-story

Office of The Historian. (2021). “ The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902" https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/war...