APA 7th Guide 2021 for Essay writing PDF

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Referencing guide for essay - Academic writing APA style...

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CDU APA 7th Referencing Style Guide (February 2021)

Contents

Document from a website ........................................................................... 23 News item online ......................................................................................... 24

Referencing Checklist....................................................................................... 3 Legislation and cases ...................................................................................... 26 Examples .......................................................................................................... 9 Book.............................................................................................................. 9

Appendix 1: Common abbreviations .............................................................. 27

eBook ............................................................................................................ 9

Appendix 2: How to write an APA reference when information is missing .. 28

Journal article with a DOI ........................................................................... 9

Appendix 3: Author layout for in-text citations ............................................. 29

Journal article without a DOI - from a CDU Library database .................. 9 Web source and online document ................................................................ 9 Books - print and online ................................................................................. 10 Single author .............................................................................................. 10 eBook/electronic book ................................................................................ 12 Journal articles, Conference papers and Newspaper articles ........................ 14 Multimedia ..................................................................................................... 18 YouTube or Streaming video ..................................................................... 18 Online images ................................................................................................. 19 Images from online image collections ........................................................ 19 Image, table or graph that is part of a resource - when the image is NOT from a specific image collection ................................................................. 21 Web sources and online documents ............................................................... 23 Web page .................................................................................................... 23

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Referencing Checklist Use this checklist to make sure your references are formatted as per APA style.

# APA Checklist for references

Notes/Explanations

The reference list identifies the items cited in a document with enough detail to enable them to be located by another person. 1

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Have you checked if your lecturer has any special referencing requirements, for example page numbers for all citations or no hyperlinks? Do your references appear at the end of your document, on a new page? Are your references headed by the title References, centred and bold? Are your references in alphabetical order by first named author, or title if there is no author (top to bottom)? Are your references double spaced?

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Are your references left aligned?

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Do your references have a hanging indent of 5-7 spaces?

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Have you followed the APA examples in this guide, including punctuation, spaces, italics, parenthesis, etc.?

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Video: Punctuation Pitfalls Have you cited and referenced all resources used?

10 Do all your references have a matching in-text citation and vice versa? 11 Are your URLs and DOIs hyperlinked? 12 Have you shortened URLs that are longer than two lines, using a URL shortening service?

If your lecturer states specific requirements for referencing, these override APA style and you must incorporate them in your assignment. References are listed at the end of your document. Insert a page break to start the references on a new page. This is the exact formatting required. Ignore the words ‘A’, ‘An’, and ‘The’ when alphabetising by title. Regardless of the spacing required for your assignment, you must double space the reference list. Regardless of the alignment required for your assignment, you must left align the reference list. FAQ: What is a Hanging Indent? FAQ: How to create a Hanging Indent?

Whenever you use information from a resource in your text, you need to add an in-text citation to show your reader where you found the information. An in-text citation consists of author family name/organisation name and year, while the reference added at the end of your document includes full details of the resource. References cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are ‘Personal communication’ and ‘Traditional knowledge’ (see p. 7) All URLs and DOIs should be hyperlinked, e.g. https://www.cdu.edu.au/library/ URL shortening services: https://bitly.com/ or https://tinyurl.com/ 3

CDU APA 7th Reference Style Guide 2021 13 Have you followed the rule of capitalisation for your titles and journal titles?

Capitalisation in APA style is very specific. In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters, books, reports and webpage titles, capitalise only the first letter of the first word of the title, the subtitle and any proper nouns.

Video: A capital idea! For journal titles you must capitalise the first letter of every word (except for words like ‘in’, ‘at’, ‘of’, ‘the’, ‘and’). 14 Have you only included initials for author first names in your references? 15 If your resource did not have a date, did you use n.d. (no date)?

16 If you have resources with the same author, but different dates, have you listed the references in chronological order (oldest first)?

17 If you have resources with the same author and the same date, have you added a letter after the date?

Example: Robert Mark Smith will appear as Smith, R. M. Example of reference: Author. (n.d.). Title. URL Example of in-text citation: (Author, n.d.) Example of reference: Jones, J. (2012). Travel tips. http://doi.org/... Jones, J. (2016). Worst holidays ever. http://doi.org/... Example of in-text citation: Jones (2012) stated that … Example of reference: Smith, J. (2014a). Best food ever. http://doi.org/... Smith, J. (2014b). Chocolate is great. http://doi.org/...

Have you added the same letter after the date in the matching in-text citation? 18 If you have resources with the same author and no date, have you added a hyphen and a letter after n.d.?

Example of in-text citation: (Smith, 2014a)

Have you added the same letter after the date in the matching in-text citation? 19 Have you explained all your abbreviations before using them?

Example of in-text citation: (St John, n.d.-a) It is possible to use an abbreviated version of an organisational author in text, but you must use it in full the first time. In-text example: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014). Use square brackets if it is within parentheses. Show subsequent citations as (WHO, 2014). In your reference list use the full name of the author.

Example of reference: St John. (n.d.-a). Burns. URL St John. (n.d.-b). Scalds. URL

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CDU APA 7th Reference Style Guide 2021 20 Have you provided a DOI or URL wherever required for your electronic resources?

If your electronic resource has a DOI, add the DOI to your reference. If your electronic resource was accessed through Library Search or a CDU Library database and does NOT have a DOI, do NOT add a URL to your reference. If your electronic resource was accessed through a search engine like Google, add the resource URL to your reference.

21 Have you changed all your DOIs to the correct format? https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014

# APA Checklist for in-text citations

FAQ: What is a DOI? FAQ: Where can I find a DOI? Examples of changes: Doi on article: doi:10.1037/arc0000014 Doi changed to: https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014

Notes/Explanations

The purpose of citing in-text is to provide brief information about the source used. The complete information about the source is listed in the alphabetical list of references at the end of the document. 22 Has your lecturer asked you to include page numbers in all inWhen paraphrasing only include author and year in your citation – e.g. (Jones, 2015). text citations where you paraphrased information from a However, your lecturer may request that you include a page number in your citation, even resource? if you have paraphrased – e.g. (Jones, 2015, p. 3). 23 Are your quotes in double quotation marks and have you Example: included the page or paragraph number in the in-text citation? Social workers are practice providers and “are frequently leaders in providing crisis intervention services to individuals, families and groups, as well as within organizations and communities” (Mirabito, 2017, p. 118). 24 Have you used a quote of 40 words or more? Treat a quote of 40 words or more as a block quote. Omit quotation marks and start the quote on a new line. Indent the whole block by about 1cm (or 5 spaces) from the left Is this quote necessary or could you summarize or paraphrase margin and double-space the entire paragraph. Add the citation after the quote’s final the text? punctuation. Have you followed the rules on formatting a quote of 40 words or more?

Example: They had a less good walk back, simply because they hit the upper waters of the north west river at the wrong place and had to walk two miles upstream to cross it. In the middle

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CDU APA 7th Reference Style Guide 2021 of the crossing Thelma found a thalloid liverwort and to Hugh’s astonishment stopped to collect it. (Davies, 2010, p. 62) 25 Have you changed a quote to make it fit grammatically or because it contains irrelevant/unnecessary information?

When leaving out information in a quote insert an ellipsis (three dots). When adding or slightly changing words within a quote for reasons of grammar or clarity, indicate the change with square brackets.

Have you followed the APA guidelines for changing a quote?

26 Have you followed the ‘et al.’ rule when citing 3 or more authors? 27 If you have two in-text citations in one parenthesis, are they in alphabetical order and separated by a semi colon? 28 Do you need to pinpoint a specific part of a resource with no page number or a specific section of a document?

29 Have you used information that was already cited from another resource (secondary citation)? Have you checked if you can access the original resource?

Example: “Drug prevention … [efforts] backed this up” (Gardner, 2007, p. 49). When citing a resource with three or more authors, only show the first named author, followed by et al. Example: (Smith et al., 2019) Example: (Miller, 2018; Smith, 2015) Often electronic sources don’t include page numbers, or you want to pinpoint a specific section of a document. It may be useful to include a paragraph number; section number or use the words the source uses instead, if the source is lengthy. Examples: (ACARA, n.d., ACELA1443) (Beutler, 2000, para. 5) (NMBA, 2016, Standard 3.1, p. 4) If you can’t access the original resource, cite as a secondary citation. Example: You read Lister’s article. In that article Lister refers to Miller’s ideas. If you can’t find Miller’s work, cite Miller’s ideas like this: … of social justice (Miller, 1984, as cited in Lister, 2007). OR Miller’s (1984) simple definition of social justice (as cited in Lister, 2007) ... You include the Lister article in your reference list: Lister, R. (2007). Social justice. Benefits, 15(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.33.44.555/list 6

CDU APA 7th Reference Style Guide 2021 30 Do you have multiple resources with 3+ authors where the first named author is the same, and the resources have the same date?

Example: Smith, A., Butler, J., Jones, T., & Walker, T. (2017). Smith, A., Butler, J., Miller, S., Lowe, K., & Turner, J. (2017) Both these citations shorten to (Smith et al., 2017) To avoid confusion when citing them both, cite them as follows:

31 Have you used personal communications like conversations, personal interviews, phone conversations, emails, documents from an intranet (e.g. hospital policy) etc. as resources for your assignment?

(Smith, Butler, Jones, et al., 2017) (Smith, Butler, Miller, et al., 2017) ‘Personal communications’ are resources that are accessible to you, but not your reader. For this reason, you only cite them in-text, without including a reference. Format: (Author, personal communication, Month date, year).

Video: Personal communication Example: … as stated in the Infection control guideline (Royal Darwin Hospital, personal communication, September 4, 2019). … guidelines were provided in a conversation with Director of Nursing (R. Smith, personal communication, October 18, 2019).

32 Have you used Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions that are not accessible by your reader, as a resource in your assignment?

Any resource that can be accessed by your reader, will require an in-text citation and reference. If you speak with an Indigenous person directly, follow the ‘personal communication’ intext citation example, with the person's full name, the nation or specific Indigenous group to which they belong, as well as their location and other relevant information, followed by "personal communication" and the date. No reference entry is included. Example: We spoke with Tracy Woodroffe (Warumungu Luritja, lives in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, personal communication, April 4, 2019) about … If Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples can be recovered by the reader (e.g. video, audio, interview transcript, book, article), cite it in-text and include a reference list entry in the correct format for the type of source. 7

CDU APA 7th Reference Style Guide 2021 33 Have you used an appropriate level of citation?

Consider the number of resources you have used for the assignment (always follow your lecturer’s guidelines). When using information from a resource in your text, provide an appropriate credit to the source – an in-text citation. Avoid undercitation and overcitation. Undercitation can lead to plagiarism, while overcitation is distracting and unnecessary. For example, it is considered overcitation to repeat the same citation in every sentence when the source and topic have not changed. Instead, when paraphrasing a key point in more than one sentence within a paragraph, cite the source in the first sentence in which it is relevant and do not repeat the citation in subsequent sentences as long as the source remains clear and unchanged. Add a citation after a few sentences and again at the end.

34 Have you correctly used parenthetical and narrative citations?

See Appropriate Level of Citation for more information. In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical and narrative. Parenthetical citation: Both the author and the date, separated by a comma, appear in parentheses (brackets). A parenthetical citation can appear within or at the end of a sentence. Example: Research indicates that workplace health is a significant social problem (Schofield & Germov, 2017). Narrative citation: The author is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence and the date appears in brackets immediately after the author name. If you have multiple narrative citations to one resource within a single paragraph, the year can be omitted after the first complete narrative citation showing author and year. Example: Schofield and Germov (2019) state that workplace health is a significant social problem. Schofield and Germov provide many examples and statistics indicating that workplace injuries, illnesses and death occur extensively. They found that workplace deaths are not randomly distributed but are more pronounced in certain industries and professions. Most severe workplace accidents occur in workplaces that involve a high degree of manual labour and in hazardous conditions (Schofield & Germov, 2019). Always include the year in parenthetical citations. 8

CDU APA 7th Reference Style Guide 2021

Examples Here are some basic examples of CDU-APA 7th style. More detailed examples are included throughout this guide. Where no exact example is provided these general principles should be followed. Book author

date

book title in italics

edition

publisher

Dinham, J. (2014). Delivering authentic arts education (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. eBook author

date

book title in italics

edition

publisher

DOI if available

Banks, M. (2018). Using visual data in qualitative research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526445933 Journal article with a DOI authors

date

article title

journal title in italics

volume in italics(issue)

Fowler, M. D., & Davis, A. J. (2013). Ethical issues occurring within nursing education. Nursing Ethics, 20(2), 126-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733012474290 DOI page numbers Journal article without a DOI - from a CDU Library database author

date

article title

journal title in italics

volume in italics(issue)

Fox-Turnbull, W. (2019). Enhancing the learning of technology in early childhood. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 44(1), 76-90. page numbers

Web source and online document author

specific date

web page title

Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. (2019, November). Social media: How to meet your obligations under the National Law. https://www.ahpra.gov.au/Publications/Advertising-resources/Social-media-guidance.aspx webpage URL 9

Books - print and online Important elements Print book: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (copyright date). Title of book: Subtitle (edition). Publisher. eBook: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (copyright date). Title of book: Subtitle (edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx OR URL (see notes below) • • •

When the author and publisher are the same, omit the name of the publisher If an eBook is from a CDU Library database and does NOT have a DOI, do NOT include a URL If an eBook was accessed through a search engine like Google, include a URL

Reference Type

Single author

In-text example

Reference list example

… northern developments (Megarrity, 2018).

Megarrity, L. (2018). Northern dreams: The politics of northern development in Australia. Australian Scholarly Publishing.

EndNote Reference Type Book

OR

Megarrity (2018) states … 2 authors

Roitman and La Fontaine (2012) ... OR

“... achieve consistency” (Roitman & La Fontaine, 2012, p. 45)

Roitman, J. L., & La Fontaine, T. P. (2012). The exercise professional’s guide to optimizing Book health: Strategies for preventing and reducing chronic disease. Wolters Kluwer Health. These rules for referencing and citing multiple authors also apply for all resources. See “Author layout for in-text citations”.

Cite both names every time the in-text citation occurs

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CDU APA 7th Reference Style Guide 2021

3-20 authors

Firs...