APHG Chapter 10 Definitions PDF

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Summary

Several forms of the terms in chapter 10
The Cultural Landscape - 11th edition...

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Agribusiness - Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the foodprocessing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. Agriculture - The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. Cereal Grain - A grass yielding grain for food. chaff - Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing. combine - A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans gram while moving over a field. commercial agriculture - Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. crop - Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season. crop rotation - The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. desertification - the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert double cropping - Harvesting twice a year from the same field. grain - Seed of a cereal grass. green revolution - Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. horticulture - The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. hull - The outer covering of a seed. intensive subsistence agriculture - A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. milkshed - The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. paddy - Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah. pasture - Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing. pastoral nomadism - A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. plantation - A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country. prime agricultural land - the most productive farmland ranching - A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

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reaper - A machine that cuts grain standing in the field. ridge tillage - System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. sawah - A flooded field for growing rice seed agriculture - Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization. shifting cultivation - A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. slash and burn agriculture - Another name for shifring cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. spring wheat - Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer. subsistence agriculture - Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family sustainable agriculture - Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides. swidden - A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning. thresh - To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it. transhumace - The seasoned migration of livestock between mountains and low land pastures. truck farming - Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities. vegetative planting - reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants wet rice - Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth. winnow - To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. winter wheat - Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer.

3 TERM

DEFINITION

4 Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture integrated into a large food-production industry

Aquaculture/ aquafarming

The cultivation of seafood under controlled condtions

Cereal grain/cereal

A grass that yields grain for food

Chaff

Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing

Combine

A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field

Commercial agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

Crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions

Dietary energy consumption

The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories

Double cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field

Food security

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs for an active and healthy life

Green revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially high-yield seeds and fertilizers

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

Hull

The outer covering of a seed

Intensive subsistence agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers expend a large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

Milkshed

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied

Paddy

The Maylay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah

Pastoral nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

Prime agricultural land

The most productive farmland

Ranching

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area

Reaper

A machine that cuts cereal grain standing in a field

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Ridge tillage

A system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation

Sawah

A flooded field for growing rice

Shifting cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another. Each field is used for crops for a few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris

Spring wheat

Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer

Sustainable agriculture

Farming methods that preserve the long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating crops and minimizing fertilizers/pesticides

Swidden

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

Thresh

To beat out grain from stalks

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

Truck farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was Middle English for bartering

Undernourishment

Dietary consumption that is consistently below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out physical activity

Wet rice

Rice planted on dry land in a nursery then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

Winnow

To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away in the wind

Winter wheat

Wheat planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer

TEST 1 1. According to Boserup's model, ________________________ compels subsistence farmers to consider new farming approaches to generate higher yields A) local governments B) population growth C) emigration D) civil strife

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E) hydroelectric power projects- B) population growth 2. According to von Thunen's model of agricultural land use, which of following products should be grown closest to the market? A) wheat B) beef C) strawberries D) rice E) peppers - C) strawberries 3. After corn, the most important crop in the US mixed crop and livestock region is A) wheat B) soybeans C) barley D) fruits and vegetables E) sugar beets - B) soybeans 4. Before the first agricultural revolution, what were humans doing for food? A) fishing B) planting crops C) hunting and gathering D) genetically engineering food for mass production E) buying it in small, food-specific establishments - C) hunting and gathering 5. Farming varies around the world because of ____________ across space A) cultural and environmental factors B) cultural and economic factors C) farmers' personal preference and environmental factors D) weather and climate E) climate change - A) cultural and environmental factors 6. In the US many farms are integrated into large food production industry. This is known as A) agribusiness B) commercial farming C) food processing D) mechanized farming E) mixed crop and livestock farming - A) agribusiness 7. Only about 15 million people are nomads, but they sparsely occupy A) 50 percent of the undifferentiated highlands B) 1 percent of the earth's land area C) most of the tropical regions of the earth D) most of the islands of the south Pacific E) 20 percent of the earth's land area - E) 20 percent of the earth's land area

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8. The decline in the number of farmers in MDCs can best be described as a consequence of A) push/pull economic factors, including the lack of opportunity in rural areas and higher-paying jobs B) urban sprawl. including the development of rings of suburbs and exurbs around major C) push/pull economic factors, including greater opportunities in rural areas and lower-paying D) the increase of populations in urban areas and the reduced population in rural areas E) the spread of disease and starvation in rural areas, which quickly reduced the populations of farmers - A) push/pull economic factors, including the lack of opportunity in rural areas and higherpaying jobs 9. The different areas of the world where Mediterranean agriculture predominates have similar A) social customs B) cultural beliefs C) broad expanses of flat land along sea coasts D) climate E) levels of livestock production with the mixed crop and livestock regions - D) climate 10. The earliest known domesticated wheat, barley, and rice crops are thought to have originated in Asia A) 100,000 years ago B) 10,000 years ago C) 1.1 million years ago D) 1,000 years ago E) 10 million years ago - B) 10,000 years ago 11. The farther a dairy farm is from a large urban area the lower the percentage of output devoted to fresh milk. This occurs primarily because A) land costs are lower farther from the urban area B) processed milk, in its various forms, is less perishable C) transport costs are greater farther from the urban area D) the quality of soil is lower near an urban area E) rural populations drink less milk per capita than urban dwellers - B) processed milk, in its various forms, is less perishable 12. The first people to domesticate lentils and olives were in A) western India B) northern China C) Ethiopia D) Southwest Asia E) South America D) Southwest Asia 13. The most important distinction for dividing the world into agricultural regions is A) whether the product is consumed by families near the farm or it is sold to others off the farm B) whether crops are grown or animals are raised C) the location of the first agriculture D) the population density of the crop-producing region E) B and D - A) whether the product is consumed by families near the farm or it is sold to others off the farm

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14. The predominant forms of agriculture in the US Southeast are A) mixed crop and livestock, commercial gardening, and plantation farming B) dairy farming and grain farming C) Mediterranean agriculture,commercial gardening, and plantation farming D) grain farming and plantation farming E) plantation farming and subsistence agriculture - A) mixed crop and livestock, commercial gardening, and plantation farming 15. The primary factor in von Thunen's model for choosing commercial farm products is A) land price B) market location C) climate D) soil character E) labor cost - B) market location 16. The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures is A) pastoral nomadism B) shifting cultivation C) transhumance D) practiced mostly in the tropics E) livestock ranching - C) transhumance 17. The type of agriculture near large cities, which includes producing fruits & vegetables, is called A) sawah B) truck agriculture C) subsistence agriculture D) truck farming E) truck hybridization - D) truck farming 18. To increase crop yields, farmers in South China commonly practice A) double cropping B) transhumance C) threshing D) pastoral nomadism E) shifting cultivation - A) double cropping 19. Unlike other forms of commercial agriculture, plantations are A) part of agribusiness B) owned by day laborers in less developed countries C) found primarily in less developed countries D) situated in densely populated locations E) found primarily in more developed countries - C) found primarily in less developed countries

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20. Von Thunen's model can best be used to explain the location of which of the following types of agriculture? A) dairying in the northeast United States B) ranching in the dry lands of North Africa C) shifting cultivation in the tropics of South America D) intensive subsistence in South China E) Mediterranean agriculture in central Chile - A) dairying in the northeast United States 21. What is the purpose of crop rotation? A) maintaining fresh products for market B) maintaining price supports C) maintaining the fertility of fields D) responding to shifting consumer preference E) reducing transportation cost - C) maintaining the fertility of fields 22. Which is not a characteristic of shifting cultivation? A) Land is cleared by slashing the vegetation B) Debris is burned to provide the soil with nutrients C) A new site is designated every few years D) Swiddens not under cultivation are used for fruit trees E) All of the above are characteristics - E) All of the above are characteristics 23. Which of the following is a subsistence crop? A) corn B) cotton C) rubber D) cocoa E) timber - A) corn 24. Which of the following is NOT true about GMOs? A) Approximately 10 percent of all farmland, worldwide, is devoted to GMO crops B) Over 75 percent of all foodstuffs Americans consume has GMO products C) North America produces around 50 percent of all GMO foods D) The NAFTA nations, the US, Canada, and Mexico have fully embraced the idea of labeling GMO foods E) Africa is reluctant to adopt GMOs because it negatively influences their export opportunities to Europe 25. Which of the following regions has little dairying in its traditional agriculture? A) Eastern Europe B) Western Europe C) South Asia D) East Asia E) North America - D) East Asia

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26. Which type of agriculture is practiced by the largest percentage of the world's people? A) hunting and gathering B) shifting cultivation C) pastoral nomadism D) intensive subsistence E) plantation - D) intensive subsistence

TEST 2 1.Before the first agricultural revolution, people were engaged primarily in what type of agriculture? hunting and gathering 2.About how many years has farming existed? - 12,000 years 3.When did farming start? - 10,000 BC

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4.What were 4 of the first important agricultural hearths? - Fertile Crescent (SW Asia), Ancient Egypt, N. China, Indus Valley (S. Asia), Ethiopia 5.Where do most scientists think seed agriculture had its origin? - SW Asia-Fertile Crescent 6.What was the dominant crop of the fertile crescent? - Wheat and barley 7.What is the purpose of crop rotation? - to maintain soil fertility 8.What was the driving force behind the diffusion of many of today's crops from their original source? - As the industrial revolution creates factories, factories need raw materials which leads to colonialism and imperialism which causes crops to diffuse around the world 9.Which of the following countries owes its cotton fields to the influence of Great Britain? - India 10.List 4 main factors related to the Green Revolution - -automated or mechanical irrigation -pesticides, chemical fertilizers -plant hybridization -increased yield 11.Name 4 geographical realms significantly affected by the Green Revolution - US, Middle East, Asia, Europe (everywhere other than Sub-Saharan Africa) 12.Name 4 consequences of the adoption of hybrid seeds - -reduced genetic diversity -migration from rural farming to urban cities -heavy use or fertilizers and pesticides -heavy use of freshwater 13.What has been the consequence of genetically engineered foods? - mad cow disease, artificial hormones, antibiotic overuse and harmful diseases 14.Name 4 practices of sustainable agriculture - -sensitive use of land management systems -use of organic fertilizers -limited use of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides -better integration of crops and livestock 15.agribusiness - -the industrialization of agriculture 16.4 characteristics of the industrialization of agriculture - -combining smaller farms into fewer, larger food production facilities -use of biotechnology and hybrid seeds -industrial substitutes are used for additional farming material 17. What innovation increased the production of livestock in Argentina and Australia in the late 19th century? - refrigerated ships 18. What country purchases over half of the worlds annual production of coffee? - USA 19. In what country were rubber trees first tapped? - Brazil

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20. what is the downside of LDC's becoming reliant on cash crops such as sugar, cacao and coffee? they are at the mercy of MDC's who purchase them 21. which unique rectangular scheme system in the US was adopted after the American Revolution? township and range 22. what is a form of village that still exists today in many rural areas? - walled villages 23. Rural housing throughout the world reflects different housing types based on what type of environment? - cultural 24. Who does most of the agricultural work in Africa and much of the less developed world? - women 25. economic activities are grouped into five major aggregates of productive activities. which denotes the extractive sector? - primary: products close to the ground 26.what is desertification and where is it occurring? - degradation of land in arid areas due to manmade activities. Sahel, North Africa 27. is there a relationship between the percentage of a country's labor force and the number of subsistence farms, if so, what is it? - less people working in agriculture, the richer the country is. lost of farmers-> more subsistence 28.where in the world has many wooded areas been deforested to provide beef for hamburgers for fast-food chains in the US - Brazil and Thailand 29. Where does slash and burn agriculture exist in the world? - tropical rainforests 30. Which type of agriculture is primarily found in less developed countries? - small, family farms that grow vegetables, eggs, corn and fruit. intensive subsistence and plantation. 31. define subsistence farming and indicate where in the world it is still prevalent - subsistence farming-growing enough food to survive, small, family farms that grow vegetables, eggs, corn and fruit, prevalent in LDC's 32. Name 3 characteristics ...