Appendix II: Tests of Creativity PDF

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Appendix II: Tests of Creativity Mark A. Runco California State University, Fullerton I. Biographical Inventories It does not cover all assessments. It is only a partial list II. Personality of some of the major tests. III. Rating Instruments and Socially Valid Measures IV. Styles V. Divergent Think...

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Appendix II: Tests of Creativity Mark Runco Encyclopedia of Creativity

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Appendix II: Tests of Creativity Mark A. Runco California State University, Fullerton

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV.

It does not cover all assessments. It is only a partial list of some of the major tests.

Biographical Inventories Personality Rating Instruments and Socially Valid Measures Styles Divergent Thinking and Problem Solving Work and Educational Environment Competencies Aesthetic Sensitivity Projective and Perception Measures Preferences and Attitudes Criterion Measures Activity Checklists Creative Products Domain-Specific Measures

I. BIOGRAPHICAL INVENTORIES Alpha Biographical Inventory of Creativity. (1968). The Institute for Behavioral Research in Creativity. Salt Lake City, UT. Biographical Inventory of Creativity: Art and Writing Scales for females; Art-Writing and Math-Science for males. Schaefer, C. E. (1970). San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.

II. PERSONALITY

This appendix reviews some of the TESTS used to assess creativity. Psychometric issues about many of these tests are given in the Mental Measurements Yearbooks, Tests in Print, and various texts on testing. Some tests listed herein were not developed for creativity but either have been adapted to that end (e.g., Tangrams) or have several scales, one of which is directly relevant to creativity or originality (e.g., the Adjective Check List and the California Psychological Inventory). This appendix focuses on tests, inventories, and rating scales.

Adjective Check List (ACL). Various scales have been developed to identify creativity and at least four others are relevant (i.e., intellectence-origence). Gough, H., Heilbrun, A. B. (1983). USA: Consulting Psychologists Press. See also Domino, G. (1994). Creativity Research Journal, 7, 21–34. California Psychological Inventory (CPI). The CPI is now routinely scored for the Creative Temperament Scale. An older Creative Personality index was scored from the standard scales and an Empathy scale (Creativity ⫽ 65.96 ⫹ .63Cs ⫺ .34Sy ⫺ .37Gi ⫺ 1.15Cm ⫹ .61Em). Gough, H. (1975). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Creativity is often assessed with other techniques, such as interviews, open-ended surveys, or a tally of products. Sometimes in the research, nominations are used rather than an instrument with a score. This appendix covers only tests, inventories, and rating scales. Encyclopedia of Creativity VOLUME 2

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Copyright 䉷 1999 by Academic Press All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.

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Appendix II: Tests of Creativity

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. The Cattell 16PF has a creativity index based on a regression formula. Cattell, R. B. (1986). USA: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator includes Intuitive as one of four primary domains. Myers, I. Briggs, & Briggs, K. (1985). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. The NEO Personality Inventory has an openness scale which is reportedly correlated with creativity. Costa, P., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Overexcitability Questionnaire-II (OEQ II): 50 items, Likert scale, 10 items in each of five forms of overexcitability. Falk, R. F., Lind, S., Miller, N. B., Piechowski, M., & Silverman, L. K. (1999). Institute for Study of Advanced Development. What Kind of Person Are You? is a subtest of the Khatena-Torrance Creative Perception Inventory. Khatena, J., & Torrance, E. P. (1976). Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service. Creative Behavior Disposition Scale. Taylor, I. A., & Fish, R. A. (1979). The Creative Disposition Scale: A Canadian Validation. Canadian Journal of Behavior Science, 11, 95–97.

III. RATING INSTRUMENTS AND SOCIALLY VALID MEASURES Students’ Self-Evaluation of Creativity. Miller, H. B., & Sawyers, J. K. (1989). A comparison of self and teachers’ ratings of creativity in fifth grade children. Creative Child and Adult Quarterly, 14, 179– 185, 229–238. The Parental Evaluation of Children’s Creativity—Revised. Runco, M. A., Johnson, D., & Bear, P. (1993). Parents’ and teachers’ implicit theories of children’s creativity. Child Study Journal, 23, 91–113. Preschool and Kindergarten Interest Descriptor. Rimm, S. B. (1983). Watertown, WI: Educational Assessment Service, Inc.

Teacher’s Evaluation of Student’s Creativity. Runco, M. (1984). Perceptual and Motor Skills, 59, 711–717. Scales for Rating the Behavioral Characteristics of Superior Students. Renzulli, J. S. (1976). Mansfield Center, CT: Creative Learning Press.

IV. STYLES Kirton Adaptation-Innovation Inventory (KAI). Adaptors and Innovators: A Description and Measure. (1976). Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 622– 629. Creativity Styles Questionnaire. Kumar, V. K., Kemmler, D., & Holman, E. (1997). Creativity Research Journal, 10, 51–58. Kaufmann & Martinsen’s Assimilator/ Explorer measure of styles. Martinsen, O. (1993). Insight Problems Revisited: The Influence of Cognitive Styles and Experience on Creative Problem Solving. Creativity Research Journal, 6, 435– 447. Your Style of Learning and Thinking Torrance, E. P. (1977). The Gifted Child Quarterly, 21(4), 563–573. Creative Problem Solving Inventory. Basadur, M., Wakabayashi, M., & Graen, G. B. (1990). Creative Research Journal, 3, 22–32.

V. DIVERGENT THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING Divergent Thinking Tests For preschool children: Multidimensional Stimulus Fluency Measure. Broberg, G., & Moran, J., III (1988). Creativity Research Journal, 1, 115–121. J. P. Guilford (1960) relied on Consequences, Alternate Uses, and Plot Titles. He also developed Names for Stories (1971), Plot Titles (1962), Possible Jobs (1963), Seeing Problems (1971). Guilford’s approach and tests are described in his book.

Appendix II: Tests of Creativity

Guilford, J. P. (1968). Creativity, Intelligence, and Their Educational Implications. San Diego, CA: EDITS/Robert Knapp. Meeker and Meeker (1975) further developed Guilford’s ideas about the structure of intellect as part of their test battery for school children. Meeker, M. (1987). Meeker Creativity Rating Scale. Vida, OR: SOI Systems. Wallach and Kogan (1965) used two visual tests (Pattern Meanings and Line Meanings) and three verbal tests (Uses, Instances, and Similarities). Wallach, M. A., & Kogan, N. (1965). Modes of Thinking in Young Children: A Study of the Creativity– Intelligence Distinction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Multiple Choice Test of Divergent Thinking. AbediSchumaker Creativity Test. Auzmendi, E., Villa, A., & Abedi, J. (1996). Creativity Research Journal, 9, 89–95. Mark Runco developed divergent thinking tasks to examine ‘‘problem generation,’’ one aspect of problem finding, and ‘‘real-world’’ tasks that were predictive of problem solving in the natural environment. See Runco’s 1994 book Problem Finding, Problem Solving, and Creativity, Norwood, NJ: Ablex). Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production Urban, K. K. (1991). On the Development of Creativity in Children. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 177–191. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (e.g., Product Improvement, Ask and Guess, Just Suppose). Thinking Creatively with Sounds and Word, Sounds and Images, Onomatopoeia and Images Torrance, E. P., Khatena, J., & Cunningham, B. F. (1973). Personnel Press. Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement Torrance, J. P. (1974). Georgia Studies Thinking Creatively About the Future Torrance, J. P. (1974). Torrance Test of Imagination Torrance, J. P. (1959). Bureau of Educational Research, University of Minnesota.

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Scores: The most common scores from divergent thinking tests are Fluency, Originality, and Flexibility. Guilford also used a remoteness score for Consequences; Runco developed an Appropriateness index; Torrance an elaboration index. Formulating Hypotheses Test. Quantity and quality of ideas generated when formulating hypotheses, designing methods for measurement, solving problems involving the scientific method, and when evaluating research proposals. Frederiksen, N., & Ward, W. C. (1978). Applied Psychology Measurement, 2(1), 1–24. Remote Associates Test. Remote Associates Test: Examiners manual. Mednick, S. (1967). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Functionally Remote Associates Test. Worthen & Clark. (1971). Journal of Educational Measurement, 8, 113–123. Similes Simile Interpretations. Christensen, P. R., Guilford, J. P., & Hoepfner, R. (1963). Orange, CA: Sheridan Psychological Services, Inc. The Similes test. Schaefer, C. (1969). Similes Manual. NYC Center for Urban Education.

VI. WORK AND EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT The Creative Environment Scales: Work Environment Inventory. Amabile, T. M., Gryskiewicz, & Nur. D. (1989). Creativity Research Journal, 2, 231–253. Ekvall’s Creative (Organizational) Climate Questionnaire. Swedish Council for Management and Organization. Stockholm, Sweden. Climate for Creativity. Torrance, E. P. (1958). Bureau of Educational Research. Classroom Climate Questionnaire Walberg & Anderson (1968). Journal of Creative Behavior.

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Appendix II: Tests of Creativity

Technical Audit for Creativity of Organizations. Stein, M. I. (1959). Amagansett, NY: Mews Press. Epstein Creativity Competencies Inventory for Managers. Measures eight competencies that predict managers’ ability to elicit creativity in others. Epstein, R. (1998). InnoGen. West Chester, PA. Jones Inventory of Blocks. A self-report described in the Creativity Research Journal (1991), 4, 303–315. Creativity Audit for Organizations. Rickards’ creativity audit measures self-report data on three levels: (1) local or team, (2) organizational; and (3) market environment. Rickards, T., & Bessant, J. (1980). The creativity audit: Introduction of a new research measure in programs for facilitating organizational change, R&D Management, 10(2), 67–75.

VII. COMPETENCIES

Murray, H. (1973). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX. (See also Eisenman, R. (1992). Creativity Research Journal, 5 175–181.) Rorschach Psychodiagnostic Technique. Rorschach, H. (1954). Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research. Synesthesia Questionnaire. Domino, G. (1989). Creativity Research Journal, 2, 17–29. Khatena Torrance Creative Perception Inventory. Contains two tests of Creative Self-Perceptions: What Kind of Person Are You? and Something about Myself. Khatena, J., & Torrance, E. P. (1998). Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service. Physiognomic Cue Test. Stein, M. (1974). Physiognomic cue test: Test and manual. Amagansett, NY: Mews Press. (See also Martindale in Creativity Research Journal.)

Epstein Creativity Competencies Inventory for Individuals. Measures four core competencies that predict creative performance. (Also see Epstein, above.) (1998). InnoGen. West Chester, PA.

X. PREFERENCES AND ATTITUDES

VIII. AESTHETIC SENSITIVITY

Barron Welsh Art Scale. (Originally the Figure Preference Test, 1949). Assumes that the preference for complexity is predictive of creative talent. Welsh, G., & Barron, F. (1963). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Tests of Aesthetic Sensitivity. Frois, J. P., & Eysenck, H. J. (1995). The visual aesthetic sensitivity test applied to Portuguese children and fine art students. Creativity Research Journal, 8, 277–284.

Basadur’s Attitude Measure. Originally a 14-item selfreport, expanded in the 1996 Creativity Research Journal. The original version was scored for two scales measuring the preference for ideation and the tendency toward premature closure.

Creative Functioning Test. Smith, G., Carlsson, I., & Andersson, G. (1989). Creativity Research Journal, 2, 1–16.

How Do You Think test. A mix of achievements, attitudes, and opinions—with good predictive validity. For younger persons, the Group Inventory for Finding Interests (GIFFT) and the Group Inventory for Finding (creative) Talent (both Ed Assessment Service, Inc.) Davis, G. (1975). Journal of Creative Behavior.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). A projective measure often used in clinical assessments of personality. A blank card has been used to assess problem finding tendencies.

The Creative Attitude Survey. Schaefer, C., & Bridges, C. I. (1970). Development of a creative attitude scale for children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 31, 861–862.

IX. PROJECTIVE AND PERCEPTION MEASURES

Appendix II: Tests of Creativity

What Kind of Person Are You? Khatena, J., & Torrance, E. P. (1976). Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service. Eisenman’s Preference for Polygons test Eisenman, R. (1966). Perceived creativity, set, and preference for simple or complex shapes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 22, 111–114.

XI. CRITERION MEASURES Instruments in this category are typically thought to assess actual creative behavior rather than tendencies or the potential for creativity. Here is a sample of the better known instruments: Tel-Aviv Activities and Accomplishments Inventory. Three forms: Primary, Adolescent, Adult. Milgram, R. (1973, 1998) see her chapter in the book, Theories of Creativity, Hampton Press (in press). Academic, Military, Work, and Leisure Activities subscales. Arnold Ludwig’s Creative Achievement Scale. Ludwig, A. (1992). Creativity Research Journal, 5, 109–124. Lifetime Creativity Scales Richards, R., Kinney, D. K., & Benet, M. (1988). Developed at McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA and Harvard Medical School. Richards, R., Kinney, D., Benet, M., & Merzel, A. (1988). Assessing everyday creativity: Characteristics of the lifetime creativity scales and validation with three large samples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 476 – 485.

XII. ACTIVITY CHECKLISTS Holland’s Checklists of extracurricular and academic activities. Extracurricular creative activity. Given in the book The Talented Student. Wallach & Wing (1969). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

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Quality and quantity of activities in seven domains. Runco, M. (1986). Divergent thinking and creative performance in gifted and nongifted children. Educational and Psychology Measurements, 46, 375–384. Runco’s Ideational Behavior Scale (RIBS). Designed specifically as criterion for divergent thinking tests. The emphasis is on actual behavior involving ideas. Originally 93 items with Likert scale but a 23-item subscale is most reliable. Runco, M. Divergent Thinking and Creative Ideation. Hampton Press (in press).

XIII. CREATIVE PRODUCTS Tangrams. Domino, G. (1980). Chinese tangrams as a technique to assess creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 14, 204 –213. Creative Products Semantic Scale (CPSS) contains 55 bi-polar adjective pairs, Likert Scale. Three factors are represented: Novelty, Resolution, and Synthesis. Besemer, S., & O’Quin, K. (1989). The development, reliability, and validity of the revised creative product semantic scale. Creative Research Journal, 2, 268–278.

XIV. DOMAIN-SPECIFIC MEASURES Action Preference Test. Alter, J. (1989). Creativity Research Journal, 2, 184 – 195. Manual for Evaluating Performance in Technical Personnel. Stein, M. I. (1961). Science Research Associates. Musical Creativity Test (1971). Musical Divergent Production test Gorder, W. (1976). An investigation of divergent production abilities as constructed of musical ability. Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, 171. Measure of Creative Thinking in Music (version II) Webster (1983). Poetry Writing. Kasof, J. (1997). Creativity Research Journal, 10, 303–316.

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Iowa Inventiveness Inventory. Colangelo, N., Kerr, B., Hallowell, K., Huesman, R., & Gaeth, J. (1992). The Iowa Inventiveness Inventory: Toward a measure of mechanical inventiveness. Creativity Research Journal, 5, 157–163.

Pun Test. Karlines (1967). Journal of Psychology, 67, 335–340.

Preconscious Activity Scale Holland & Baird (1968). Journal of Creative Behavior, 2, 214 –223.

Barron Anagram Test. Barron, F. (1958). Scientific American; or (1996). No rootless flower. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Barron Symbol Equivalents Test. Barron, F. (1958). Scientific American; or (1996). No rootless flower. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press....