Application of Artificial Intelligence in Architectural Design [Ph.D. Dissertation] PDF

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APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN _________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY _________ by Mohamed-Sherif Tawfik El-Attar July-1997 _________ Thesis Committee...

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Application of Artificial Intelligence in Architectural Design [Ph.D. Dissertation] M. Sherif El-Attar

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APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

_________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. for the Degree

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY _________

by Mohamed-Sherif Tawfik El-Attar July-1997 _________

Thesis Committee Dr. Mohamed Zakaria El-Dars (Chair) Professor at the Department of Architecture, College of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

Dr. Jens Pohl (Co-chair) Professor at the College of Architecture and Environmental Design, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA.

Dr. Mohamed Abu-El-Magd Mahmoud Associate Professor at the Department of Architecture, College of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ ii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ ...... vii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... ix AKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................. x ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 3 Research Orientation ....................................................................................................... 5 Goals........................................................................................................................ 6 Problems .................................................................................................................. 6 Propositions ........................................................................................................... 10 Hypothesis.............................................................................................................. 12 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 12 Thesis Organization ....................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1: DESIGN AND COMPUTATION........................................................... 15 1.1 Nature of Design ..................................................................................................... 15 1.1.1 Design Problems ............................................................................................ 16 1.1.11 Distinction Between Problems............................................................... 17 1.1.12 Characteristics Of Design Problems....................................................... 18 1.1.13 Design Artifacts .................................................................................... 20 1.1.2 Design Experience ......................................................................................... 23 ii

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1.1.21 Empirical Studies .................................................................................. 23 1.1.22 Features Of Designers Experience ......................................................... 29 1.1.23 Cognitive Theories................................................................................ 31 1.2 Models Of Design.................................................................................................... 35 1.2.1 The Intuitive Model ....................................................................................... 36 1.2.2 The Rational Model ....................................................................................... 38 1.2.3 The Participatory Model ................................................................................ 39 1.2.4 The Logical Model ........................................................................................ 40 1.2.5 Computational Models Of Design .................................................................. 42 1.2.51 Problem Solving.................................................................................... 43 1.2.52 Puzzle-Making...................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 2: REPRESENTATION OF EXPERIENCE............................................... 47 2.1 Fundamental Issues Of AI........................................................................................ 52 2.1.1 Hypotheses Of AI .......................................................................................... 52 2.1.2 Multiple Views Of AI .................................................................................... 55 2.1.21 Systems That Act Humanly ................................................................... 56 2.1.22 Systems That Think Humanly................................................................ 57 2.1.23 Systems That Think Rationally.............................................................. 58 2.1.24 Systems That Act Rationally ................................................................. 59 2.2 Representing Experience In AI Systems ................................................................... 62 2.2.1 Levels Of Understanding In AI Systems ......................................................... 63 2.2.2 Models Of Expertise ...................................................................................... 65 2.2.21 Heuristic Models................................................................................... 66 2.2.22 Deep Models ........................................................................................ 67 2.2.23 Implicit Models..................................................................................... 69

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2.2.24 Competence Models ............................................................................. 71 2.2.25 Distributed Models ............................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ............................................ 77 3.1 Context Of The Problem.......................................................................................... 80 3.1.1 Design Environments ..................................................................................... 80 3.1.2 Components .................................................................................................. 81 3.1.3 Role In Design............................................................................................... 82 3.1.4 Required Features Of CBDE.......................................................................... 83 3.2 Research Goals........................................................................................................ 85 3.2.1 Prior Knowledge In Design Environments...................................................... 87 3.2.2 Research Hypothesis...................................................................................... 87 3.2.3 Objectives...................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND PROPOSITIONS ................................ 92 4.1 Content Of Prior Knowledge ................................................................................... 92 4.1.1 Nearly Decomposable Products - Problem ..................................................... 94 4.1.2 Functional Explication - Problem ................................................................... 95 4.1.3 Activities Are Building Blocks Of The Design Solution - Proposition 4.1 ....... 97 4.1.31 Content Of Information In An Activity.................................................. 99 4.1.32 Advantages Of The Proposition .......................................................... 100 4.2 Organization Of Prior Knowledge.......................................................................... 101 4.2.1 Knowledge Organization - Concepts............................................................ 101 4.2.11 Design Cases ...................................................................................... 103 4.2.12 Design Prototypes............................................................................... 104 4.2.2 Information Retrieval - Methods .................................................................. 105 4.2.21 Decomposition.................................................................................... 105

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4.2.22 Case-Based Design ............................................................................. 106 4.2.23 Constraints.......................................................................................... 106 4.2.3 Activities Are Universal In Character - Proposition 4.2 ................................ 107 4.2.31 Activity Prototypes ............................................................................. 107 4.2.32 Activity Cases ..................................................................................... 110 4.2.33 Implications Of The Proposition.......................................................... 115 4.3 Knowledge-Based Designing ................................................................................. 115 4.3.1 Design Classification.................................................................................... 116 4.3.11 Routine Design ................................................................................... 116 4.3.12 Non-routine Design............................................................................. 116 4.3.2 Knowledge-Based Creativity........................................................................ 119 4.3.3 Using Activities To Describe Spaces - Proposition 4.3 ................................. 121 4.3.31 Routine Space Description .................................................................. 122 4.3.32 Innovative Space Description .............................................................. 122 4.3.33 Creative Space Description ................................................................. 124 CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH PROPOSITIONS.................... 127 5.1 Approach to Architectural Programming................................................................ 128 5.1.1 Process ........................................................................................................ 129 5.1.2 Product........................................................................................................ 131 5.1.3 Architectural Programming Environment (APE-1) ....................................... 133 5.1.4 Scenario ...................................................................................................... 135 5.1.41 Case Project........................................................................................ 135 5.1.42 Role Selection..................................................................................... 136 5.1.43 Project Creation.................................................................................. 137 5.1.44 Problem Structuring............................................................................ 137

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5.1.45 Problem Formulation .......................................................................... 146 5.1.46 Output of the system........................................................................... 159 5.2 Implementation Design .......................................................................................... 161 5.2.1 Implementation Framework ......................................................................... 161 5.2.11 Knowledge Organization..................................................................... 162 5.2.12 Knowledge Content ............................................................................ 163 5.2.13 Processes ............................................................................................ 164 5.2.2 Development Environment........................................................................... 165 5.2.21 Programming Language ...................................................................... 165 5.2.22 Advantages of object-oriented programming ....................................... 167 5.2.3 Implementation Architecture........................................................................ 168 5.2.31 Data Store Design............................................................................... 169 5.2.32 System Agents Design ........................................................................ 194 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................. 211 6.1 Contributions......................................................................................................... 214 6.2 Future Work.......................................................................................................... 216 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 218 APPENDIX-A: CONSTRAINT MAPPINGS.............................................................. 229 APPENDIX-B: PROGRAMME DOCUMENT SAMPLE ........................................... 231 APPENDIX-C: DEFINITIONS................................................................................... 235 APPENDIX-D: AGENT DEMONSTRATIONS ......................................................... 241 ARABIC ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ 251

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 0.1: Utilizing Functional and Structural Decomposition...................................... 11 Figure 1.2: Information-Processing System................................................................... 32 Figure 1.3: The Intuitive Model .................................................................................... 38 Figure 1.4: The Rational Model .................................................................................... 39 Figure 1.5: The Logical Model ...................................................................................... 42 Figure 2.1: Agents Perceive and Act ............................................................................. 61 Figure 2.2: Problem Solving Knowledge Ordered by Complexity .................................. 63 Figure 2.3: Task Structure of Design ............................................................................ 72 Figure 2.4: Relationships between Models of Expertise................................................. 76 Figure 3.1: Research goals, scope, and propositions...................................................... 79 Figure 3.2: Process and product integration views ........................................................ 84 Figure 3.3: Research goals map .................................................................................... 86 Figure 3.4: Mapping activities through different space and building types...................... 89 Figure 4.1: Function-behavior-structure relations.......................................................... 96 Figure 4.2: Information in an activity .......................................................................... 100 Figure 4.3: Human and computer in a single cognitive model ...................................... 102 Figure 4.4: Case-based reasoning framework .............................................................. 104 Figure 4.5: Design prototype-instance refinement ....................................................... 104 Figure 4.6: Contextual modifiers of an activity............................................................ 110 Figure 4.7: State space of routine and non-routine designs.......................................... 118 vii

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Figure 4.8: Innovative design using activities .............................................................. 123 Figure 4.9: Combination process................................................................................. 125 Figure 5.1: Building Specification (Flowchart)............................................................ 139 Figure 5.2: Building Prototype-Instance Adaptation/Creation ..................................... 141 Figure 5.3: Space Prototype-Instance Adaptation/Creation ......................................... 145 Figure 5.4: Space-Instance Refinement - Constraints Generation phase ....................... 150 Figure 5.5: Formatted Programme Document ............................................................. 160 Figure 5.6: Programming languages classification ....................................................... 166 Figure 5.7: Implementation Architecture..................................................................... 169 Figure 5.8: Problem Domain Components Classes - Conceptual Schema..................... 171 Figure 5.9: Typification process concepts ................................................................... 175 Figure 5.10: Problem Domain Components (PDC) - OM ............................................. 177 Figure 5.11: Distinct notions of a building site ............................................................ 180 Figure 5.12: Building prototype notion ....................................................................... 183 Figure 5.13: Sample CLIPS (6.0) source code - Building Class daemon...................... 184 Figure 5.14: Space prototype notion........................................................................... 189 Figure 5.15: Tabulated example of wall instances noise behavior................................ 189 Figure 5.16: Process of utilizing space user related information................................... 190 Figure 5.17: Activity relationships - object model ....................................................... 191 Figure 5.18: Climate agent - ET diagram .................................................................... 199 Figure 5.19: Noise agent evaluation of site sound pressure level - ET diagram ............ 203 Figure 5.20: B.R.S. Simplified Table operation ........................................................... 206 Figure 5.21: SKY object representation example......................................................... 208 Figure 5.22: Daylighting agent evaluation of daylighting performance - ET diagram.... 209 Figure 5.23: Example of using B.R.S. Tables .............................................................. 210

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LIST OF TABLES

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Figure 6.1: Mapping constraints.................................................................................. 213

LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 :Classi...