Apuntes B1 - Bloque 1 - Grammar: Present continuous, present simple, past simple, past continuous, PDF

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Grammar: Present continuous, present simple, past simple, past continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous. Vocabulary: country, nationality and language; the physical world, weather, animals and insects, the body and movement, describing appearance...

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GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY IN USE Block 1 UNIT

GRAMMAR

VOCABULARY

1

Present continuous

Learning vocabulary

2

Present simple

Keeping a vocabulary notebook

3 4

Present continuous & Present simple 1 Present continuous & Present simple 2

Using a dictionary English language words

5

Past simple

Country, nationality & language

6

Past continuous

The physical world

7

Present perfect 1

Weather

8

Present perfect 2

Animals & insects

9

Present perfect continuous

The body and movement

10

Present perfect continuous & simple

Describing appearance

1

UNIT 1

GRAMMAR in use intermediate – Present continuous I

am

He / she / it

Verb -ing

is

We / you / they

driving

are

working, etc.

1.- I am doing something = I’m in the middle of doing it. I’ve started doing it and I haven’t finished. staar-thud

    

fi-nusht

Please don’t make so much noise. I’m trying to work. (not I try) ‘Where’s Mark?’ ‘He’s having a shower.’ What’s all that noise? What’s going on? Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more. (at a party) Hi Jane! Are you enjoying the party? (not Dou you enjoy…)

Started

/staar-thud/

Any more = cantidad (nada más)

Finished

/fi-nuhst/

Anymore = nunca más

What’s going on? = What’s happening?

2.- Sometimes the action is not happening at the time of speaking:



Steve is talking to a friend on the phone. He says: I’m reading a really good book at the moment.

Steve is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has started it, but has not finish it yet. He’s in the middle of reading it

3.- You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year / etc. (periods around now).  

You are working hard today. The company I work for isn’t doing so well this year.

Work for (sb/sth)= trabajar para

4.- We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now, especially with chain-juhz the verbs:

GET

CHANGE tʃeɪndʒ

BECOME

INCREASE

RISE

FALL

GROW

IMPROVE

BEGIN START bi - gin

ɪn-kriːs

2

VOCABULARY in use pre-intermediate and intermediate – Learning vocabulary

Routine (something you do often and usually in the same way)

Routine

/ruːˈtiːn/

Weekly routine

Often

/ˈɒfən/

Daily routine

Answer

/ˈɑːnsər/

At least (not less than) Over to you = sobre ti

1.1.- Over to you. Write your answers. 1. How often can you spend at least half an hour or forty-five minutes on a unit? I study English almost every day for half an hour at least. 2. How often can you revise? How much time can you spend when you revise? Where will you do it? I can revise five days a week, from Monday to Friday. I can spend twenty minutes those days at the lunch time.

Say it aloud (speaking so you can hear it)

Aloud

/əˈlaʊd/

Highlighter pen = subrayador

Highlighter pen

Hear

/ˈhɪər/

Write down = anotar

Write down

Highlighter

/ˈhaɪlaɪtər/

Rub out = borrar

Rub out

Rub

/ˈrʌb/

Rubber = goma de borrar

Rubber

Rubber

/ˈrʌbər/

1.2.- Over to you. Write your answers: 1. Which of these things do you do now when you are learning vocabulary? I do it almost everything except once

one

. I don’t usually write a sentence as an example.

2. What will you do in the future? I’ll write a sentence when I look for a word in a dictionary.

Synonyms (syn)

Synonym

/ˈsɪnənɪm/

Partner = compañero, pareja

Opposites (opp)

Opposite

/ˈɒpəzɪt/

Look up = buscar

3

Synonyms of look up:

Opposites of look up:

Find out

Find out = averiguar

Give up

Give up = desistir

Investigate

Investigate = investigar

Abandon

Abandon = abandonar

research

Research = investigar

Desert

Desert = abandoner, dejar

surrender

Surrender = abandonarse a

       

Abandon

/əˈbændən/

Abandoned

/əˈbændənd/

Desert

/ˈdɛzərt/

Deserted

/dɪˈzɜːrtɪd/

Surrender

/səˈrɛndər/

Surrender

suh·ren·duhd

Research

/rɪˈsɜːrtʃ/

Researched

/rɪˈsɜːrtʃt/

What does this English word mean? No clue. I’ll have to look it up in the dictionary. They soon found out the flower shop was a front. My friend doesn’t trust his bussines partner, and hired a detective to investigate him. I’m going to research how students can improve their pronunciation. She gave up university in the second year. Front = tapadera Esteban abandoned his family for a woman he met in another city. Hire = alquilar, contratar My father deserted us when I was a child. Stop firing! We surrender!

1.4. Find opposites for the words:

Permanent

Entrance

temporary

temporal

Transient

pasajero

Variable

variable

Fleeting

fugaz

Temporal

temporal

Uncertain

inestable

/ˈtrænziənt/

/ˈfliːtɪŋ/

/ʌnˈsɜːrtən/

exit Escape Way out

4

Kind

evil

malvado

Mean

malo

Nasty

malo

Unkind

poco amable

Horrible

horrible

Rough

brusco

/ˈrʌf/

Rude

maleducado

/ˈruːd/

Ruthless

despiadado

Violent

violento

/ˈvaɪələnt/

Wicked

malvado

/ˈwɪkɪd/

Smooth

coarse

áspero

/ˈkɔːrs/

liso

Rough

áspero

/ˈrʌf/

Gritty

arenoso

/ˈgrɪti/

Lumpy

lleno de bultos

/ˈlʌmpi/

decline

declinar

Refuse

rechazar

Accept

VERB Argue Revise Choose Expand Differ Communicate

/ˈnɑːsti/

NOUN Argument Revision Choice Expansion Difference Communication

5

ADJECTIVE

Different Communicative

UNIT 2

GRAMMAR in use intermediate – Present simple

I / we / you / they

Drive / work / do…

He / she / it

Drives / works / does…

2.1.- We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeteadly, or that something is true in general.  

Nurses look after patients in hospital. The earth goes round the sun.

2.2.- We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences:

 

Sentences

sen·tuhn·suhz

Do

I / we / you / they

work?

I / we / you / they

don’t work

Does

he / she / it

work?

He / she / it

doesn’t work

I don’t go away very often. What does this word mean?

In the following examples, do is also the main verb:  

What do you do? I work in a shop. He’s always so lazy. He doesn’t do anything to help.

2.3.- We use the present simple to say how often we do things (every morning, very often, two times a year…)  

Julie doesn’t drink tea very often. How often do you go to the dentist?

2.4.- I promise / I apologize / etc.  

I promise I won’t be late. What do you suggest I do? I suggest that you…

Promise

/ˈprɒmɪs/

Agree

/əˈgriː/

In the same way we say: I apologise… / I advise… / I insist… / I agree… / I refuse… /etc.

6

VOCABULARY in use pre-intermediate and intermediate – Keeping a vocabulary notebook

This is what some students do Write down

Write down

Note down

Note down

Make a note of

Make a note of

Translation

And so on

etcétera

Phonemics

I try and list

trato de enumerar

Topic

tema / asunto

anotar

Mess Topic Translate into

     

I write down new English words. I write English translation. I usually note down if a word is a noun, verb, adjective, and so on. I sometimes make a note of new words in my notebook. I try and list words by topic. Sometimes I translate new words into Polish.

Tips for your notebook Tip (piece of advice)

Tip

consejo

Uncountable

/ʌnˈkaʊntəbəl/

Mix up (put together with no order)

Mix up

mezclar

Phrase

/ˈfreɪz/

Grammar topics

Go on

seguir, continuar, colocar

Awful

/ˈɔːfʊl/

Dreadful

/ˈdrɛdfʊl/

Also

/ˈɔːlsəʊ/

(un) Countable nouns Synonyms Opposites

   

Awful

terrible

Dreadful

terrible, espantoso

A tip is a piece of advice to help you. Don’t mix words up. Some words will go on in more than one topic. A tip is also money that you give, for example, to a waiter.

7

FOOD Diet Lay the table Flour Raw Frozen

GARDEN Branch Dig Ground Leaf Butterfly

NUMBERS Count Add up Minus Thousand zero

Lay the table

Poner la mesa

Diet

/ˈdaɪət/

Branch

rama (de árbol)

Flour

/ˈflaʊər/

Leaf

hoja

Leaf

/ˈliːf/

Add up

sumar

Minus

/ˈmaɪnəs/

Raw

crudo

Raw

/ˈrɔː/

Extra vocabulary

Cap

tapa, tapón

Syllable

/ˈsɪləbəl/

On its own

por su cuenta

Dialogue

/ˈdaɪəlɒg/

Target

objetivo

There

/ˈðɛər/

Aim

objetivo, apuntar

Here

/ˈhɪər/

Mad

enfadado, loco

Pan

sarten

Ham

jamón

Nail

clavo

Tap

grifo

I’m off

me voy

How are you getting there? = ¿Cómo vas a llegar? I’m a bit short of cash = Estoy un poco corto de dinero. When do you get back? When will you be back?

¿Cuándo vuelves?

When do you come back?

8

UNIT 3

GRAMMAR in use intermediate – Present continuous and present simple

Present continuous

Present simple

We use the continuous for things happening at or around the time of speaking. The action is not complete.

We use the simple for things in general or things that happen repeatedly. …..

___________________I am doing________________

_____________________I do___________________

PAST

PAST

PRESENT

  

FUTURE

The water is boiling. Can you turn it off? I’m getting hungry. Let’s go and eat. The population in the world is increasing very fast.

  

We use the continuous for temporary situations: 

PRESENT

Water boils at hundred degrees Celsius. I always get hungry in the afternoon. Every day the population in the world increases by about 200.000 people.

We use the simple for permanent situations:

I’m living with some friends until I find a place of my own.



My parents live in London. They have lived there all their lives.

I’m always doing (something)

I always do (something) = I do it every time. 

FUTURE

Has a different meaning.

I always go to work by car.





I’ve lost my phone again. I’m always losing things. ( I lose things very often, perhaps too often, or more often than normal) Tim is never satisfied. He’s always complaining.

Boil

/ˈbɔɪl/

Boil

hervir

Celsius

/ˈsɛlsɪəs/

Of my own

propio

Increasing

/ɪnˈkriːsɪŋ/

Complaining

quejarse, quejas.

Lived

/livd/

Lives

/ˈlaɪvz/

There

/ˈðɛər/

Satisfied

/ˈsætɪsfaɪd/

 

9

You’re always complaining. I don’t want to hear any more of your complaining.

Correct

/kəˈrɛkt/

Useless

inútil, inservible

Must

/ˈmʌst/

Get on

subir, llevarse bien, llevar

Just

/ˈdʒʌst/

Occasionally

/əˈkeɪʒənəli/

Nile

/ˈnaɪl/

Mediterranean

/ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/

Hear

/ˈhɪər/

Here

/ˈhɪər/

There

/ˈðɛər/

 

That car is useless. It’s always breaking down. How are you getting on?

VOCABULARY in use preintermediate and intermediate – Using a dictionary

3.1.- Information in dictionaries.

     

Pronunciation using phonemic symbols. Part of speech (=noun…) A definition explains the meaning. Fixed phrases using the word are shown in bold. [C] and [U] tells you that word is countable or uncountable. Bold italics show common word partners.

3.2.- Defining words.

Defining words are words that dictionaries use when they define (explain) the words in the dictionary. Some of these are quite common.     

Emphasise (give something more attention and importance). Relating to or connected to/with (having a relationship with someone or something). Amount (how much there is of something). Official (done by the government or someone in authority). Behave (do or say things in a particular way).

Definition

/ˌdɛfɪˈnɪʃən/

Bilingual

/ˌbaɪˈlɪŋgwəl/

Emphasise

/ˈɛmfəsaɪz/

Practice

/ˈpræktɪs/

Amount

/əˈmaʊnt/

Level

/ˈlɛvəl/

Available

/əˈveɪləbəl/

10

UNIT 4

GRAMMAR in use intermediate. Present continuous and present simple.

The following verbs are not normally used in the continuous: LIKE KNOW

REALISE

WANT NEED

SUPPOSE

BELONG

MEAN

FIT

PREFER

UNDERSTAND

CONTAIN

CONSIST

BELIEVE SEEM

darse cuenta

Mean

significar

Belong

pertenecer

Fit

quedar bien

Give up

abandonar, dejar

Think = believe or have an opinion Think = consider

 

not use continuous.

continuous is possible.

What do you think of my plan? Nicky is thinking of giving up her job (=she is considering it)

SEE



HEAR

SMELL

TASTE

Normally in present simple

Do you see that man over there? (not are you seeing)

We often use can + see / hear / smell / taste. 

/ˈrɪəlaɪz/

Realise

Realise

REMEMBER

I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it?

11

LOOK

FEEL

continuous or simple

 

You look well today. / You are looking well today. How do you feel now? / How are you feeling now?



I usually feel tired in the morning. (not I’m usually feeling)

But

He is… (generally) He is being… (at the moment)  

I can’t undertand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually like that. He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish.

Selfish = egoista

We use am / is / are being to say how somebody is behaving. It is not usually possible in other sentences. Behaving = comportarse  It’s hot today. (not it is being hot)

Nitrogen

/ˈnaɪtrədʒən/

Oxygen

/ˈɒksɪdʒən/

There

/ˈðɛər/

They’re

/ˈðɛər/, /ˈðeɪər/, /ðər/

Unreasonable

/ʌnˈriːzənəbəl/

12

VOCABULARY in use preintermediate & intermediate – English language words. Speech = discurso, habla

4.1.- Parts of speech.

Leather = cuero

Pronoun

 I have a brown leather chair by the window, and I often sit there in the morning to read the paper.

Noun Verbs Adjectives Adverb Preposition Article

Pronoun: I Nouns: chair, window, morning and paper. Verbs: have, sit and read. Adjectives: brown and leather. Adverbs: often. Preposition: by Article: the (definite article). Conjuntion or link word: and.

Conjunction or link word

13

Language

/ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/

Leather

/ˈlɛðər/

Definite

/ˈdɛfɪnɪt/

Article

/ˈɑːrtɪkəl/

4.2.- Grammar

Nouns countable (books, apples, chairs) Uncountable (information, advice)

Verbs regular (walk/walked, work/worked) Irregular (go/went, take/took)

Phrasal verbs (wake up, take something off)

Countable

/ˈkaʊntəbəl/

Regular

/ˈrɛgjʊlər/

Irregular

/ɪˈrɛgjʊlər/

Phrasal

/ˈfreɪzəl/

Walked

/wawkt/

Worked

/workt/

Phrases (at the moment, never mind, see you later)

4.3.- Word building Prefix /ˈpriːfɪks/

Prefixis

/’pri:fikshuz/

Suffi...