Art History Exam 2 - Lecture notes 1-5 PDF

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Different time periods along with the type of art they produced...

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First exam - 2-3 image based questions (frontal, stagnant, solingical, symmetrical) - 20-30 multiple choice questions - Ancient near east, a little bit of greek art and egyptian art) - No need to memorize dates - Images from lecture 2, 3 and a tiny bit of 4 - 5 people standing next to each other What is art history? - Determine the original context of artworks - Throughout history, major artists created paintings, sculptures for specific patrons and settings and to fulfill a specific purpose Art historical analysis involves; 1. Formal properties 2. Subject matter 3. Historical context These components are not mutually exclusive, each overlaps with and informs the other.

Terms art historians use; - Form, texture, perspective, realism, abstraction, frontal, profile, medium, proportional, scale, ¾ view

ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN ART- chapter 2 - Civilization, art and history was born - Saudi arabia, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Syria Sumerian art (3500-2332 BCE) Ca; approximately/about Warka vase from Uruk, Iraq, ca. 3200-3000 BCE, Alabaster, H: 3’ ¼”, National Museum of Iraq, Baghdad; NOTES = carved alabaster stone vessel Terms; - Registers; horizontal level in a work that consists of several levels - Alabaster; mineral or rock that is soft, often used for carving - Votive offerings; one or more objects displayed or deposited without the intention of recovery or use, in a sacred place for broadly religious purposes. - Relief sculpture; when elements are sculpted into a solid background of the same material, so that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane - Common ground line; a painted or carved baseline on which figures appear to stand - Hierarchy of scale; represents a person’s relative importance by the size of his depiction - Free standing sculpture; unattached to the background and has space on all sides, can be viewed on all sides. - Extent; - Findspot; the place where an archeological object has been found - Stele; stone or wooden slab, generally taller than wide - Citadel; the core fortified (defense) area of a town or city - Apotropaic; supposedly having the power to avert evil influences or bad luck - Lamassu; human head, the body of a bull/lion and bird wings - Composite view; part of figure shown in profile, and another part shown frontally - Foreshortening; the use of perspective to represent in art the apparent visual contraction of an object that extends back in space at an angle to the perpendicular plane of sight White temple and platform, Uruk (modern Warka) Iraq and modern restoration ea. 32000-3000 BCE Ziggurat of Ur. ca. 2100 B.C. Mud brick and baked brick, Tell el- Mukayyar, Iraq (largely reconstructed) Ziggurat of Ur, ca. 2100 B.C., Sir Leonard Woolley and excavation workers

Free standing sculpture; statuettes of two worshippers from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar- 12 statues unearthed), Iraq, ca, 2700 BCE. Gypsum, shell and black limestone. Man H. 2’4 ¼” woman H. 1’ ¼” National Baghdad Museum of Iraq, Baghdad Standing male worshipper, Eshnunna Peace side of the Standard of Ur, from the tomb 779, Royal Cemetery, Ur (modern Tell Muquayyar), Iraq, ca. 2600-2400 BCE. Wood, lapiz lazuli, shell, red limestone, 8” x 1’7” British Museum, London (kaunakes) War side of the Standard of Ur, from the tomb 779, Royal Cemetery, Ur (modern Tell Muquayyar), Iraq, ca. 2600-2400 BCE. Wood, lapiz lazuli, shell, red limestone, 8” x 1’7” British Museum, London AKKADIAN ART; 2322-2150 BCE Head of an Akkadian ruler, From Nineveh (modern Iraq) ca. 2250-2200 BC, Copper. H. 1’2 ⅜” National Museum of Iraq, Baghdad Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, from Susa, Iran, 2254-2218 BC. Pink sandstone. H. 6’ 7” Museé du Louvre, Paris. This is an example of material culture from the Elamite civilization. The capital of Elam was Susa, in present-day Iran. Elam reached the hieght of its political and military power during the second millennium. During this time they carried of the Stele of Naram-Sin as war booty, and displayed it in their capital. Although the ancient Near East is characterized by continuous power struggles, and the constant changing of political control, it is notable that the stylistic characteristics of material culture remain largely consistent across the different civilizations.

ASSYRIAN ART; 1600-612 BCE The fortified walls of the vast citadel of the Assyrian king Sargon II enclosed courtyards, a throne room, service quarters, guardrooms, a great ziggurat and six sanctuarities for six different gods Lamassu, from the citadel of Sargon II Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad) Iraq, ca. 720-705 BC, Limestone, H 13’ 10” Musee du Louvre, Paris Terms; Citadel, apotropaic,  lamassu, composite view ANCIENT EGYPT: LESSON 3 - Fresco secco; wall painting technique where pigments mixed with an organic binder or lime are applied onto a dry plaster. - Sphinx; mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a lion - Composite view; a convention in which part of a figure is shown in profile and another part of the same figure is shown frontally - Composite creature - Necropolis; a cemetery, especially a large one belonging to an ancient city - Mummification; a process in which the skin and flesh of a corpse can be preserved, it can occur naturally or intentional. - Monolithic; formed of a single large block of stone - Polychrome; painted, printed or decorated in several colors - Faience; glazed ceramic ware, in particular decorated tin-glazed earthenware of the type that includes delftware and maiolicia e.g plate - Column - Capital - Engaged column - Egyptology; study of ancient egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture and art - Re; god of the sun and creator god - Hathor; ancient egyptian goddess, depicted as a woman with the head of a cow - Horus; Ancient Egyptians national tutelary deity. - Osiris; in egyptian mythology, osiris is the god of life, death, the flooding of the Nile and the afterlife - Hieroglyphics; writing that consists of hieroglyphs - Ka; spiritual entities that everyone possessed - Nemes; a headress

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Uraeus Mastaba; ancient Egyptian tomb Canopic jars; u sed by the ancient Egyptians during the mummification process to store and preserve the viscera of their owner for the afterlife. They were commonly either carved from limestone or were made of pottery

Menkaure and Khamerernebtyt; - Solid, unbreakable - Man and woman Great sphinx - Attached to the crust of the earth LECTURE 4: ANCIENT GREECE Terms; - Labyrinth; a complicated irregular network of passages or paths in which it is difficult to find one’s way; a maze - Sarcophagus; a stone coffin, typically adorned with a sculpture or inscription and associated with the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Rome and Greece. - Terracotta; unglazed, typically brownish-red earthenware, used chiefly as an ornamental building material and in modeling - Mural; a painting or other work of art executed directly on a wall - Fresco; a painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that the colors penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries - Repousse; metalworking in which malleable metal is ornamented or shaped by hammering from the reverse side - Apotropaic; having the power to avert evil influences or bad luck - Shaft grave; type of deep rectangular burial structure, containing a floor of pebbles, walls of rubble masonry, and a roof constructed of wooden planks - Monolith; a large single upright block of stone, especially one shaped into or serving as a pillar or monument - Megaron; a building used as a living apartment - Krater; large vase in Ancient Greece, particularly used for watering down wine - Hellas; alternative name of Greece - Provenance; the place of origin or earliest known history of something - Tephra; rock fragments and particles ejected by volcanic eruption - Sistrum; a musical instrument of ancient Egypt consisting of a metal frame with transverse metal rods that rattle when the instrument was shaken - Niello; black mixture, usually of sulphur, copper, silver and lead

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Elevation ------Relieving triangle Post and lintel; building system where strong horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical elements with large spaces between them. E.g stonehenge Corbelled arch; use of rectangles to make arch Tholos; beehive tomb, on something tall Ashlar; masonry made of large square-cut stones, typically used as a facing on walls of brick and stone Cyclades; most well known of the Greek Islands and include Santorini and Mykonos Sir arthur evans; British archaeologist who excavated the ruins of the ancient city of Knossos in Crete and uncovered evidence of a sophisticated Bronze Age Civilization Wanax; military leader Helladic; relating to the Bronze Age cultures of mainland Greece Minotaur; monster with the body of a man and head and tail of a bull Cyclops; mutant who can emit powerful beams of energy from his eyes Theseus; mythical king and founder-hero of Athens...