Assignment on Smart City.pdf PDF

Preview

Summary

MGHN 2544 | Strategic Land Development and Practices Siti Mahfuzah binti Mardy Master of Science (Land Administration and Development) Lecturer : Dr Abd Halim Hamzah Introduction By 2050, 60% of the world population is expected to live in urban areas, the challenge will be to supply these population...

Description

MGHN 2544 | Strategic Land Development and Practices

Siti Mahfuzah binti Mardy Master of Science (Land Administration and Development) Lecturer : Dr Abd Halim Hamzah

Introduction By 2050, 60% of the world population is expected to live in urban areas, the challenge will be to supply these population with basic resources while also ensuring overall economic, social and environmental sustainability (Sustainable Development). Cities worldwide have started to look for solutions which enable these three element of sustainable to be implemented. Many of the new approaches related to urban services have been based on harnessing technologies, including ICT and helping to create what some call “smart cities.”

Definition Many definitions of smart cities exist. The label of ‘smart city’ itself is a fuzzy concept and is used in ways that are not always consistent. According to Bakıcı et al. (2012), smart city as a hightech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovation commerce, and an increased life quality. In the urban planning field, the term “smart city” is often treated as an ideological dimension according to which being smarter entails strategic directions. Governments and public agencies at all levels are embracing the notion of smartness to distinguish their policies and programs for targeting sustainable development, economic growth, better quality of life for their citizens, and creating happiness (Ballas, 2013).

Characteristics and dimension of Smart City Figure 1: Dimensions of a smart city and related aspects of urban life (adapted from Lombardi et al., 2012) Related aspect of urban life

Industry

Education

E-democracy

Logistics & Infrastructure

Efficiency & Sustainability

Security & Quality

Characteristic / Dimension

Smart Economy

Smart People

Governance

Smart

Smart Mobility

Environment

Smart

Smart Living

Lombardi et al. (2012) have used and investigated further each dimension and have referred it to a different aspects of urban life. Lombardi et al. (2012) have associated the six components with different aspects of urban life, as shown in Figure 1. The smart economy has been associated with the presence of industries in the field of ICT or employing ICT in production processes. Smart mobility refers to the use of ICT in modern transport technologies to improve urban traffic. Aspects referring to the preservation of the natural environment in cities are extensively covered in Giffinger et al. (2007), and Albino and Dangelico (2012).

Siti Mahfuzah binti Mardy | Master of Science (Land Administration and Development)

1

City Challenge towards Smart City The main objectives of Smart City approach must be to solve urban problems in an efficient way to improve sustainability of the city and quality of life of its inhabitants. Smart city projects must tackle the problems of today’s cities while also looking to the potential problems cities will face in the coming decades. The Table 1,2 and 3 show the city challenges in European City, South & East Mediterranean and Malaysia country based on 6 dimensional of Smart City. It is important to look into the arisen challenges to ensure the smoothness in developing a Smart City. Table 1 : City Challenge in European City based on 6 dimension of Smart City Governance

Economy

Mobility

Environment

People

Living

Flexible governance

Unemployment

Sustainable mobility

Energy saving

Unemployment

Affordable Housing

Shrinking cities

Shrinking Cities

Inclusive mobility

Shrinking cities

Social cohesion

Social cohesion

Territorial cohesion

Economic decline

Multimodal transport system

Holistic approach to environmental and energy issue

Poverty

Health problem

Combination of formal and informal government

Territorial cohesion

Urban ecosystem under pressure

Urban ecosystems under pressure

Ageing population

Emergency management

Mono sectoral economy

Traffic congestion

Climate change effects

Diversity as source of innovation

Urban sprawl

Sustainable local economies

Non car mobility

Urban sprawl

Cyber security

Safety and security

Social diversity as surce of innovation

Ict infrastructure deficit

Cyber security

ICT infrastructure deficit Source : Andres Monzon, Transport Research Centre, Universidad Politécnica of Madrid (2015)

Table 2 : City Challenge in South & East-Mediterranean based on 6 dimension of Smart City Governance

Economy

Mobility

Environment

People

Living

Low urban institutional capacities

High infrastructure deficit

Lack of public transport

Scarcity of resources

Urban poverty and inequality

Slum proliferation

Instability in governance

Shortage in access to technology

High infrastructure deficit

Water scarcity

Shortage in access to technology

Urban violence and insecurity

Gap between government and governed

Economy weaknesses and lack of competitiveness

Pollution

Climate change effects

Specific problems of urban youth

Rapid growth and urban sprawl

Unbalance geographical development

Specific problems of urban youth

Rapid growth

Pollution

Threats to cultural identity

Deficit of social services

Deficit of social service

Limited urban based industries

Rapid growth and urban sprawl

Low educational level

Threats to cultural identity

Unbalanced geographical development

Urban poverty and inequality Source : Andres Monzon, Transport Research Centre, Universidad Politécnica of Madrid (2015)

Table 3 : City Challenge in Malaysia based on 6 dimension of Smart City Governance

Economy

Mobility

Environment

People

Living

Insufficient social infrastructure

High infrastructure deficit

Low awareness on sustainable mobility

Environmental degradation

Low educational level and rose drop out rates

Weak awareness on energy efficiency

Rapid growth and fast rate of urbanization

Shortage in access to technology

High infrastructure deficit

Rapid growth and fast rate of urbanization

Stress-related diseases

Deficit of social services

Lack of expertise / professional to fulfil the potential of growth

Road and rail transportation is highly congested during peak hours

Flash flood and waste disposal

Ageing population

Shortage of affordable housing

Smart and high technology in industries

Multimodal transport system

Lack of expertise / professional to fulfil the potential of growth

Shortage in access to technology

Overcrowding Source: CIA Factbook & UK Trade and Investment 2011 and presentation output on Smart City Initiative by Nor Sallehi Kassim, PLANMalaysia.

Siti Mahfuzah binti Mardy | Master of Science (Land Administration and Development)

2

Smart City Project Actions According to a study by Manzon (2015), project actions for Smart City can be described and defined as seen in Table 3. The actions derived by relating them to the city challenges. Table 4 : Smart City Project Actions

3

Source : Andres Monzon, Transport Research Centre, Universidad Politécnica of Madrid (2015)

Case Study The case studies were selected base on commonality of several factors including the culture, socio economy, geographical and political aspect. There are three case study that has been selected and analysed include Seoul, Singapore and Iskandar Malaysia. In addition, this section will also include the findings of a study by Yasmin et al. (2016) on the smart city assessment using Smart City Descriptors Score Table approach. The assessment helps to ascertain the smart city initiatives practiced by each city and may observe the extent to which the initiatives have been practiced in relation to the score table proposed by Yasmin and team. The assessment also based on the 6 dimensions of the smart city as discussed earlier. Through this exercise, the cities’ smartness categories by dimension are attained. To be capable of a quantitative treatment, the smartness category is then associated with numerical value, putting the achievement of the smartness category on a scale of 1 to 4 with each scale corresponding to each category. Refer Appendix A for the descriptors for the level of achievement under each dimension of smart city.

Siti Mahfuzah binti Mardy | Master of Science (Land Administration and Development)

Smart Seoul, Korea

2004

2011

u-City

Smart Soul 2015

Officially “Seoul Special City”, Seoul is the capital of South Korea and the country’s largest metropolis with a population of over 10 million people in 2013. Seoul is however best known as one of the most tech-savvy cities in the world, retaining its top 10 ranking in the UN e-Government Survey in 2016. The Korea’s first attempt to incorporate ICT in city development strategies started in 2004. The u-City project has been initiated to strengthen the cities competitiveness.

ICT is the basic infrastructure of a smart city in Seoul, used not only in cyber space, but also as communicating elements of physical infrastructure. There are 3 pillars of Smart Seoul Cities ; ICT infrastructure, Integrated City Management Framework and Smart Users. The current initiatives are mainly implemented and monitored by the Seoul Metropolitan Government.

Smart Economy

44

Smart People

33

Smart Governance

44

Smart Mobility

33

Smart Environment

44

Smart Living

33

Smart Economy

44

Smart People

43

Smart Governance

44

Smart Mobility

43

Smart Environment

44

Smart Living

43

4 Level of Initiatives Provision

In 2011, the Smart Seoul was to uphold Seoul’s reputation as a global ICT leader by boosting its sustainability and competitiveness through smart technologies, and overcome the limitation of u-City. Smart Seoul 2015 is a more people-oriented or human-centric project and Seoul aims to implement numerous smart technologies and create a more collaborative relationship between the city and its citizens.

2014

Smart Nation Singapore

Smart Nation

Singapore is one of the world's major commercial hubs, with one of the busiest ports and the fourth-biggest financial centre. Singapore’s total population was 5.54 million as of June 2015 with 1.63 million non-resident populations (Singapore Department of Statistic, 2015).

Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) acts to develop information technology and telecommunications within Singapore with a view to serve citizen of all ages and companies of all sizes (Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore, 2015). The Government identified five national strategic projects which the government will focus on in the immediate future include the National Digital Identity (NID) framework, e-Payments, Smart Nation Sensor Platform (SNSP), Smart Urban Mobility and Moments of Life (MOL).

Level of Initiatives Provision

In 2014, Singapore launched a landmark Smart Nation program through which it is gathering unprecedented amounts of data about all aspects of city life. It has the vision of transforming Singapore by building the World's first Smart Nation by harnessing technology to the fullest with the aim of improving the lives of citizen, creating more opportunities, and building stronger communities. According to the Smart Cities Index Report 2017 prepared by EasyPark group listed Singapore at rank 2 in the world and supported by powerengineering website that named Singapore as world best Smart Cities in 2018.

Smartness Category

Basic (1)

Advance (3)

Medium (2)

State of the Art (4)

2006

Smart City Iskandar Malaysia

2012

Iskandar Malaysia

Smart City Iskandar Malaysia

Iskandar Malaysia is one of the Malaysia’s Economic Growth Corridor covering a total area of 2,217 sq km which is about 12% of Johor State Area. Iskandar Malaysia launched by the government in November 2006 and proudly envisaged to become a strong sustainable metropolis of international standing. Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA) acts as the regulatory authority for the area. The Smart City Iskandar Malaysia acts as the enabler to Iskandar Malaysia In order to improve living quality and expand the business opportunity in that region. Other than that, the Smart City Iskandar Malaysia focussing to the sustainable development component; Economy, Environment, Social and promotes the six dimensions of Smart City. 34

Smart People

23

Smart Governance

24

Smart Mobility

23

Smart Environment

24

Smart Living

33

Iskandar Malaysia in the context of Regional Corridors

Iskandar Malaysia covers 5 Local Planning Authorities

Source : Smart City Iskandar Malaysia Booklet (2014)

The result of Smart City Assessment Table 5 : Level of Initiatives Provision for case studies Smart Economy

Smart People

Smart Governance

Smart Mobility

Smart Environment

Smart Living

4

3

4

3

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

2

2

2

2

3

Figure 2 : The Radar Chart of Smart City Dimensions Between Cities

Note : The radar chart represents a visual reflection of the selected cities at ‘first instance’ i.e. without considering the prevalent aspects that may have influenced the cities’ development in the past.

Source : Adapted from Yasmin, Hasniyati, Melasutra, Md Nasir and Anuar (2016).

Siti Mahfuzah binti Mardy | Master of Science (Land Administration and Development)

5 Level of Initiatives Provision

Smart Economy

Discussion and Conclusion The development transition to Smart City has brought all countries over the world to react and implement it by considering the sustainable development approach. From this study, clearly the Smart City has various argumentation on the concept itself and the existing of various assessment framework of the implementation of Smart City. Other than that, it is found that the main objective of Smart City is to solve the urban problems to improve the sustainability and the quality of life of its citizen. Smart city projects also must tackle the problems of today’s cities while also looking to the potential problems cities will face in the coming decades. Thus, the problems and challenges from selected region has been stated and tabled based on the 6 dimension of the smart city; Smart Economy, Smart People, Smart Governance, Smart Mobility, Smart Environment and Smart Living. The list of challenges is important to provide the comprehensive smart city project actions as the guidance of the development. Then, the three case studies has been selected (Seoul, Singapore and Iskandar Malaysia) to have a wider view of the implementation of Smart City especially in Asean country. This paper has bring forward the research on the proposed Smart City assessment using Smart City Descriptors Score Table approach by a group of researchers from Malaysia. The assessment helps to ascertain the smart city initiatives practiced by each city and observe the extent to which the initiatives have been practiced in relation to the score table proposed by Yasmin and team. The proposed heuristic framework eliminates the requirement for large volume of baseline data that can be almost impossible to obtain for various reasons. Therefore, this proposed model enables a simultaneous assessment of many cities at once. The assessment also based on the 6 dimensions of the smart city as discussed earlier According to the study by Yasmin et al (2016), all 3 cities showed smart city dimensions above the ‘medium’ scale. After analysing the comparison data, it shows that all the cities passed the basic provision of smart city initiatives. In terms of Smart Economy, Singapore showed the excellent result (‘State of the Art’ level) compared to Seoul and Iskandar only achieved Advanced level. In terms of Smart Mobility and Smart People, Seoul and Singapore showed ‘State of the Art’ provisions compared to Iskandar which achieved Medium level. In Smart Governance dimension, both Seoul and Singapore indicated ‘State of the Art’ levels of achievement whereas Iskandar showed an Advanced level of smart governance provision. For Smart Environment and Smart Living, Singapore led in the provision ‘State of the Art’ level followed by Seoul (Advanced level) and Iskandar (Medium level). It is found that Singapore has lead on the provision of Smart City Initiatives in all Smart City dimensions compared to the all other cities in this respect, scoring ‘State of the Art’ achievement level. According to UN Egovernment index survey 2016, Singapore excellently placed in top 10 countries as successfully implemented e-governance development. Seoul follows, with comparable strengths on all dimensions except smart economy and smart people. When comparisons are made to the level of achievements for the initiatives under the six (6) Smart City dimensions, Iskandar Malaysia may not achieve the high level of provision as compared to the more developed cities. In the context of Malaysia, Malaysia has joined the smart city bandwagon with the recent move to declare and promote Iskandar Malaysia as the pioneer smart city in the country but from the result it shows that Malaysia still at the medium stage on the implementation of Smart City approach. So, the government need to initiated and encourage the use of ICT and smart technologies in all sectors by fulfilling all the five focus area in Eleventh Malaysia Plan. The implementation of Smart City in Malaysia country still at the back compared to the developed country such as Singapore and Korea. In terms of policy implications, this study can support policy makers to: (i) identify cities that can be considered smart (along one or more dimensions), (ii) identify the city challenges in Malaysia (iii) develop incentives and tools for the development of smart cities, and (iv) monitor the progresses of cities towards “smartness” along s...