ATI Medical Surgical Notes PDF

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ATI Medical Surgical Notes...

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Basal cell carcinomas are the most common type of skin cancer and rarely metastasize. They arise from the basal cell layer of the epidermis or the hair follicles and generally appear on sunexposed areas of the body. Melanomas are malignant neoplasms with atypical melanocytes in both the epidermis, the dermis, and sometimes the subcutaneous cells. It is the most lethal type of skin cancer, often causing metastases in the bones, liver, lungs, spleen, the CNS, and lymph nodes. Actinic keratoses are premalignant. They can evolve to squamous cell carcinoma. Skin cancer Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the epidermis and are potentially metastatic. Skin cancer Transient leukopenia is an adverse effect of silver sulfadiazine. First degree frostbites the skin of the affected area is reddened and looks waxy. Second degree frostbite the skin of the affected area has large fluid-filled blisters. Third degree frostbite the skin of the affected area has small blisters that are blood-filled, and the skin does not blanch. Fourth degree frostbite the skin of the affected area is frozen. Blisters do not appear. The client’s muscles and bones are affected. Stage I pressure ulcer the skin is intact with an area of persistent, non-blanchable redness, usually over a bony prominence, that might feel warm or cool when touched. The tissue is swollen and congested, and the client might report discomfort at the site. With darker skin tones, the ulcer can appear blue or purple and different from the other skin areas. Stage II pressure ulcer, there is partial-thickness skin loss involving the epidermis and the dermis. The ulcer is visible and superficial and can appear as an abrasion, blister, or shallow crater. Edema persists, and the ulcer might become infected. The client might report pain, and there might be a small amount of drainage. Stage III pressure ulcer, there is full-thickness tissue loss with damage to or necrosis or subcutaneous tissue. The ulcer might extend down to, but not through, underlying fascia. The ulcer appears as a deep crater with or without undermining or adjacent tissue and without exposed muscle or bone. Drainage and infection are common. Stage IV pressure ulcer, the client has full-thickness tissue loss, with destruction, tissue necrosis, and visible damage to the muscle, bone, or supporting structures. Sinus tracts, deep pockets of infections, tunneling and undermining can occur.

A papule is a small, solid, elevated lesion with distinct borders. It is usually smaller than 10 mm in diameter. Papules are common lesions of warts and elevated moles. Macules is flat, variably shaped, discolored, and small, typically smaller than 10 mm in diameters. A macule is a change in the color of the skin. Freckles and the rash associated with rubella are types of macules. Wheats also known as hives are transient elevated irregularly shaped lesions caused by localized edema. Wheats are a common manifestation of an allergic reaction. Vesicles is a circumcised, elevated lesion or blister containing serous fluid. Vesicles typically arise with herpes simplex, poison ivy, and chickenpox. Homographs are obtained from cadaver skin. Heterografts are obtained from an animal usually a pig. Human amniotic membranes are used to treat burns; however, they are not a heterograft dressing. Artificial skin made from beef collagen is used to treat burns. It is not a heterograft dressing. Acyclovir is good for herpes simplex virus. Amoxicillin is good for bacterial infections. Infliximab is good for someone with Crohn’s disease. Rough, dry, scaly skin is a clinical finding of actinic keratosis. Firm nodule with crust is a clinical finding of squamous cell carcinoma Pearly papule with ulcerated center is a clinical finding of basal cell carcinoma. Irregularly shaped lesions with blue tones is a clinical finding of malignant melanoma. These often occur on the client’s upper back and lower legs....