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I .I NTENTI ONALTORTS Toe s t a bl i s hapr i maf a c i ec a s ef ori nt e nt i on a lt o r t l i a b i l i t y , i ti sg e ne r a l l yn e c e s s a r yt ha tp l a i n t i ffp r o v et hef o l l o wi n g : ( i )Ac tb yd e f e n da nt ; ( i i )I nt e nt ;a n d ( i i i )Ca us at i o n. Ac tbyDe f e nda nt Th e“ a c t ”r e q u i r e me n tf o ri n t e n t i o n a lt o r tl i a b i l i t yr e f e r st oav o l i t i ona lmo v e me nto nd e f e n da nt ’ sp a r t . I nt e nt Th er e q u i s i t ei nt e ntf o rt h i st yp eo ft o r tl i a bi l i t yma yb ee i t h e rs p e c i fico rg e n e r a l . Spe c i ficI nt e nt Ana c t or“ i n t e n d s ”t h ec o n s e q u e n c e sofh i sc o n du c ti fhi sg oa li na c t i n gi st ob r i n ga bo u tt h e s e c on s e q u e n c e s . Ge ne r a lI nt e nt Ana c t or“ i n t e n d s ”t h ec o n s e q u e n c e sofh i sc o n du c ti fhek n o wswi t hs u b s t a nt i a lc e r t a i n t yt h a tt h e s e c on s e q u e n c e swi l lr e s ul t . Ex a mpl e :D,fiv ey e a r so l d , pu l l sac h a i ro utf r o mu n d e rPa ss h ei ss i t t i n gd o wn . Ev e ni fDdi dn o tde s i r et h a ts h eh i tt h egr o u nd ,i fh ekn e wwi t hs ub s t a nt i a lc e r t a i n t yt h a ts hewa st r y i n gt os i t a ndwo u l dh i tt hegr o u nd ,h ewi l lha v et h ei n t e n tne c e s s a r yf o rb a t t e r y .[ Ga r r a t tv .Da i l e y ,2 7 9P . 2 d1 0 91( Wa s h . 1 9 55 ) ] Ac t o rNe e dNo tI nt e ndI nj ur y Th ei n t e n to ft h ea c t o rt ha ti sr e l e v a n tf o rp u r po s e sofi n t e n t i o na lt o r t si st hei nt e ntt ob r i n ga bo u tt h e c on s e q u e n c e st h a ta r et heb a s i soft h et o r t . Th us ,ape r s o nma yb el i a bl ee v e nf o ra nu n i nt e nd e di n j ur yi fh ei n t e n d e d t ob r i n ga b o ut s uc h“ ba s i soft h et o r t ”c o ns e q ue nc e s . Ex a mpl e :Ai n t e n dst op u s hBa ndd oe ss o .Bf a l l sa n db r e a k shi sa r m.Th i sc o n du c tg i v e sr i s et oac a u s eo f a c t i o nf orb a t t e r y . Th e“ c o ns e q ue nc e s ”t h a ta r et heb a s i so ft hi st o r ta r eh a r mf u lo ro ffe n s i v ec o n t a c tt ot hepl a i nt i ff’ s p e r s o n .I nt hi sc a s e ,t h ea c t o ri nt e nd e dt ob r i n ga b o u tha r mf u lo ro ffe n s i v ec o n t a c tt oB. He nc e , h ewi l lbel i a b l ee v e n t h ou g hi twa sno t i n t e n de dt h a tBb r e a kh i sa r m. Tr a ns f e r r e dI nt e nt 1 )Ge n e r a lRu l e Th et r a n s f e r r e di n t e n tdo c t r i n ea pp l i e swhe r et h ed e f e n da nti n t e n d st oc o mmi tat o r ta g a i n s to n ep e r s o nb u ti n s t e a d( i ) c ommi t sad i ffe r e n tt o r ta g a i n s tt h a tp e r s o n, ( i i )c ommi t st h es a met o r ta si n t e n de db u ta g a i n s tad i ffe r e n tp e r s o n,o r ( i i i )c o mmi t sadi ffe r e n tt o r ta g a i n s tad i ffe r e n tp e r s o n.I ns uc hc a s e s ,t hei nt e ntt oc ommi tat o r ta g a i ns to nep e r s o n i st r a ns f e r r e dt ot heo t he rt or to rt ot hei nj ur e dp e r s o nf o rp u r po s e so fe s t a b l i s h i n gap r i maf a c i ec a s e . 2 )Li mi t a t i o n so nUs eo fTr a ns f e r r e dI nt e nt Tr a n s f e r r e di n t e n tma yb ei n v ok e don l ywhe r et het o r ti n t e n de da n dt het o r tt h a tr e s ul t sa r eb o t hwi t h i nt h ef o l l o wi n g l i s t : 1 .a )As s a ul t ; 2 .b )Ba t t e r y ; 3 .c )Fa l s ei mp r i s o n me n t ; 4 .d )Tr e s pa s st ol a n d ;a n d 5 .e )Tr e s p a s st oc h a t t e l s . 5 . Mo t i v eDi s t i n g u i s he d Mo t i v ei mp e l sape r s ont oa c tt oa c hi e v ear e s ul t .I n t e n td e n o t e st h ep ur p o s et ou s eap a r t i c u l a rme a nst oe ffe c tt h a t r e s u l t .On l yt h ei n t e nti sr e l e v a ntf o rp u r po s e so fe s t a bl i s hi n gt h ep r i maf a c i ec a s e .Th u s ,f ore x a mpl e ,e v e nt h o u g h d e f e n da nta c t swi t h o u tah o s t i l emo t i v eord e s i r et od oa n yha r m,o re v e nwhe r ehei ss e e ki n gt oa i dt hepl a i nt i ff,h e ma ybel i a b l e .

No t e :Ev i lmo t i v ei sn o ta ne s s e n t i a le l e me n to fmo s tt o r t s , b utma l i c eo rul t e r i o rp u r p os ei sa ne s s e nt i a l e l e me n to f s o me( e . g . , ma l i c i o u sp r os e c u t i o n ,a bu s eo fp r oc e s s ) .Fu r t he r , ma l i c ema ys ome t i me sn e g a t eap r i v i l e g et ha tt he d e f e n da ntmi gh th a v e , a n di tma yp e r mi tt h er e c o v e r yo fp u ni t i v eda ma g e s . 6 . Mi n or sa ndI nc omp e t e nt sCa nHa v eRe q u i s i t eI n t e n t Und e rt hema j o r i t yv i e w, b o t hmi n or sa ndi n c o mp e t e n t swi l lb el i ab l ef ort h e i ri n t e nt i o n a lt or t s ;i . e . ,t h e ya r eh e l dt o p o s s e s st her e q u i s i t ei n t e n t . 3 . Ca us a t i o n Th er e s u l tgi v i n gr i s et ol i a b i l i t ymu s th a v eb e e nl e g a l l yc a u s e db yt h ed e f e n da nt ’ sa c to r s o me t hi n gs e ti nmo t i o nt h e r e b y .Th ec a us a t i o nr e q u i r e me ntwi l lb es a t i s fie dwh e r et h ec o nd u c to fd e f e n da n ti sa s u b s t a n t i alf ac t o ri nbr i n g i n ga b o utt h ei n j ur y . B. PRI MAF ACI ECASE—I NTENTI ONALTORTSTOTHEPERSON1.Ba t t e r y 1 . Pr i maFa c i eCa s e Toe s t a b l i s hap r i maf a c i ec a s ef orb a t t e r y ,t h ef ol l o wi n ge l e me nt smu s tb ep r o v e d : 1 .1 )Ana c tb yt h ed e f e n da ntwhi c hbr i n g sa b ou th a r mf u lo ro ffe n s i v ec on t a c tt ot h ep l a i n t i ff’ s p e r s o n ; 2 .2 )I nt e n to nt h ep a r to ft h ed e f e nd a n tt ob r i n ga b o uth a r mf u lo roffe n s i v ec o n t a c tt ot hep l a i nt i ff’ s p e r s o n ;a n d 3 .3 )Ca u s at i o n. 2 . Ha r mf u lorOffe n s i v eCo n t a c t Wh e t h e ra n ygi v e nc o n t a c ti st ob ec o n s t r u e da sha r mf ulo ro ffe n s i v ei sj u d g e db ywh e t h e ri two u l db ec on s i d e r e d h a r mf u lo ro ffe n s i v eb yar e as o n ab l ep e r s o no for d i n a r ys e n s i b i l i t i e s .Co nt a c ti sd e e me d“ o ffe n s i v e ”i ft hep l a i nt i ff h a sn o te x p r e s s l yo ri mp l i e d l yc o n s e n t e dt oi t( s e eD. 1. , i n f r a ) . 3 . Me a ni n go f“ Pl a i n t i ff’ sPe r s o n” Forp u r po s e sofab a t t e r y ,a n y t h i n gc o n ne c t e dt ot h ep l a i n t i ff’ sp e r s o ni sv i e we da sp a r to ft hepl a i nt i ff’ spe r s on . Ex amp l e :Ch a u n c e ygr a b b e dLu l u ’ spu r s e ,wh i c hwa sha n g i n gf r o mh e rs h ou l d e r . Hema yb el i a b l ef o raba t t e r y .( Hewou l da l s obel i a b l ei fh eh a dgr a b b e da na r t i c l eo fc l o t h i n gs h ewa swe a r i n g ,a c a n es hewa sh o l d i n g ,e t c . ) 4 . Ca u s a t i o n Th ed e f e n d a n ti sl i a bl en o to n l yf o r“ di r e c t ”c o n t a c t ,bu ta l s of or“ i nd i r e c t ”c on t a c t ;i . e . ,i twi l lb es u ffic i e n ti fhes e t s i nmo t i o naf or c et h a tb r i n g sa b ou th a r mf u lo roffe n s i v ec o n t a c tt ot hepl a i nt i ff’ spe r s on . Ex amp l e s :1)Ch a u n c e y , i nt e nd i n gt os e tat r a p ,du gah o l ei nt h er o a dup o nwhi c h Lu l uwa sg oi n gt owa l k .Lu l uf e l li n .Ca u s a t i one x i s t s . 2 )Ho r a c es t r u c kag l a s sdo o rs ot h a tt h eb r e a ki n gg l a s sc u tBo wa t e r .Ca u s a t i one x i s t s . 5 . App r e he ns i o nNo tNe c e s s a r y Ape r s o nma yr e c o v e rf o rb a t t e r ye v e nt h ou g hh ei sn o tc o ns c i ou so ft h eh a r mf u lo roffe n s i v ec o n t a c twh e ni to c c ur s ( e . g . ,u na ut h or i z e ds u r g e r yp e r f or me donu nc on s c i o u spa t i e n t ) . 6 . Tr a n s f e r r e dI n t e n t Th ed o c t r i n eo ft r a n s f e r r e di n t e n tap p l i e si nb a t t e r yc a s e s . He n c e ,ad e f e n da n ta c t i n gwi t ht hei n t e n tt oc ommi ta n a s s a u l twh oc a u s e sha r mf ulo ro ffe ns i v ec o n t a c tt ot hep l a i nt i ffh a sc o mmi t t e dab a t t e r y ....