Basic Chemistry Review ( Paragraph Version)-1 PDF

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Lecture notes from beginning of the semester. It's the outline from the basic chemistry review section....

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BASIC CHEMISTRY REVIEW I. Atom Structure: An atom’s nucleus is comprised of ___protons____(positive charge) & ______neutrons_ (neutral). The number of ___protons______ defines a particular element and comprises the ___atomic_______ number. Isotopes have a different number of ____neutrons_____ and thus a different ___mass_____ number. A neutral atom has the same number of ___protons_______ and ___electrons_______. Electrons can be found in _____orbitals____ around the nucleus. Electrons close to the nucleus are referred to as ____core_____ electrons and those occupying orbitals farthest from the nucleus are referred to as ________valance__ electrons. Electrons found in orbitals close to the nucleus have higher/lower (circle one) potential energy than electrons far from the nucleus.

II. Bonding: Atoms are most stable when their ________orbitals are full and _____reactive_____ when these orbitals are not full. Therefore, it is energetically favorable for atoms whose valence orbitals are not full to form ___bonds_____ with other atoms. The type of bond formed depends on an atom’s ability to attract electrons or _____electronegativity_______. Metals/nonmetals (circle one) have higher attraction for electrons. A bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms in a ___non___ ____polar__ bond. If two atoms share electrons unequally, a _____polar___ covalent bond will result. A bond between a metal and nonmetal (ie. Sodium and chloride) is most likely to form a ____ionic____ compound where an electron is _____transferred_____from one atom to another. ____polar covalent____ bonds most often result in partial positive/negative charges whereas _____ionic_ bonds result in charged atoms held together by opposite charge attraction. The most common elements found in cells are __CHNOPS_______. The most electronegative element commonly found in cells is ____Oxygen______. C-H bonds are polar/non-polar (circle one). III. Water: Within a single water molecule, ___polar covalen______bonds are formed between oxygen and hydrogen. ____Oxygen___ has a partial negative charge whereas ____Hydrogen____ has partial positive charge. _____Hydrogen___ bonds form between water molecules due to these partial charges and are responsible for water’s high/low (circle one) heat of vaporization. The partial charges of water molecules cause water molecules to be attracted to charged surfaces, making this liquid ___adhesive____ and cause this liquid to be a good solvent for charged/uncharged (circle one) compounds. Water is less/more (circle one) dense as a solid than as a liquid....