BBH 311 Quiz 1 PDF

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Quiz 1 ●

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What is a leaky gut? ○ Occurs when the lining of your stomach/intestines are more permeable than is typical ○ Symptoms: ■ Bloating, gas ■ cramps/aches/pains ■ Food sensitivities ○ Stress can make this happen! ■ But a leaky gut can also promote stress ● Bi-directional relationship: capable of functioning in two directions ● Each variable can be both the independent and dependent variable within the same relationship How do you assess the microbiome in humans? ○ Stool sample ○ What gets assessed? ■ 300-1,000 different species (although 30 or 40 species make up approximately 99% of the microbiome) Could this testing present a problem? ○ Yes! ○ Type I error - rejection of a true null hypothesis (false positive) Develop a priori hypothesis ○ Reduce type I error What now? ○ Fecal enemas/colonoscope ○ Frozen pellets

Energy production ● What are some reasons why it would be important for mental and physical health? ● Mitochondrial dysfunction ○ The loss of efficiency in the electron transport train ■ Resulting in high mitochondrial oxygen respiration ○ In addition to reduced synthesis of energy molecule ○ Almost all of the research is based on animal models ■ Some limited research when measuring levels of mitochondrial DNA copies in blood ○ Promotes insulin resistance, increased abdominal circumference, and high BP ○ Age, lifestyle, genetics and stressful life play a role ○ Associated with fatigue, sedentary behavior and lack of exercise ○ Poor executive functioning ○ The brain accounts for greater than 20% of the oxygen consumption for the entire body in order to produce energy via mitochondria ○ Emotion regulation ○ Depression, anxiety and bipolar disorder are much more common among those with mitochondrial disorders in comparison to the general population

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Sedentary behavior ○ Increases mitochondrial dysfunction ■ The first wave treatment for fatigued individuals is increasing activity (including for depression) ○ Children today spend 50% less time outdoors than they did 10 years ago

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Microbiology and health ○ Macrophage ■ Phagocytosis - pathogen is ingested and digested in the phagosome ■ Important in stimulating an immune response ● Presenting antigen to T cells (“take out anything that looks like this!”) ● Release of inflammatory cytokines (“something is coming, so be ready”) ○ Lymphocytes (small WBC) ■ Main type of cell found in lymph (fluid in lymphatic system) ● Natural killer cells ● T cells ● B cells ■ These are often referred to as PMBCs ○ Natural killer cells ■ Can respond to/take out virally infected cells that have not been marked ● MHC class 1 ○ Molecule found on the surface of cells, which signals to immune cells that there is a problem/infection ■ Release perforin onto the surface of a target to form pores in the cell membrane ● Injects granzymes into the pores ○ Induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) ○ T cells ■ They have a TON of different roles: ● Helper - divide rapidly and release cytokines ● Cytotoxic (killer) - kiss of death to MHC class 1 molecules. Can become deactivated via IL-10 ● Memory - longer lifespan and part of the adaptive immune system ● Regulatory - helps shut down the immune response by secreting antiinflammatory cytokines ○ B cells ■ Part of the adaptive immune system ● Secrete antibodies/present or bind to antigen ○ This process can take several days (slower than a typical T cell response) ○ They often work together as a team (ex: T cell dependent activation) ● Secrete cytokines

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Side notes about antibodies ○ More antibody titers = less control over the virus ○ Herpesviruses ■ Epstein-Barr virus ■ Cytomegalovirus ■ Herpes Simplex Virus-1 ○ How can medical providers use info on antibody titers to help patients? ■ Has the pt been exposed? Inflammatory cytokines ○ Signaling molecules with various functions ■ initiating/regulating host defense against pathogens ■ Trigger pain responses ■ Regulate signaling of apoptosis ■ Sickness behaviors ● Fever ● Social isolation ● Fatigue ○ How can medical providers use data on cytokines to help patients? ■ C reactive protein ● Increased risk of CVD ○ When is the pro-inflammatory response a good thing? ■ Something bad in the bloodstream ■ Response to exercise ○ When is pro-inflammation a bad thing? ■ Autoimmune diseases Catecholamines (sympathetic) ○ Released by adrenal glands ■ Epinephrine ■ Norepinephrine ■ Dopamine ○ Signals to immune cells that you need to get ready for something ■ Fight or flight How do we calm down after catecholamines have been released (parasympathetic)? ○ Glucocorticoids ■ Cortisol ○ Helps shut down the inflammatory response ○ If our fight or flight system is activated often and for long periods of time: ■ Glucocorticoid resistance - BAD ● We aren’t calming down ■ Immune cells remain activated and secrete cytokines Why are chronically high levels of inflammatory cytokines bad? ○ Metabolic syndrome ○ CVD ○ Diabetes ○ “Chronically high” = low grade inflammation Chronic inflammation promotes buildup of plaque in arteries ○ And helps the plaque build up

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Side note about inflammatory cytokines ○ Increased secretion during/after exercise ○ Always draw blood in the morning and ask patients to fast

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Inflammatory cytokines ○ What are we measuring? ■ Circulating cytokines ● What’s in your bloodstream at that very moment when you get your blood drawn ■ Stimulated cytokines ● Take cells and expose them to a simulated bacterial infection using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ● What is the inflammatory response? ● Can also test glucocorticoid resistance by introducing a glucocorticoid afterwards Inflammation ○ Local vs. systemic ○ Circulating vs. stimulated ○ Pro-inflammatory vs. anti-inflammatory ○ Acute vs. chronic ○ In 95+ percent of BBH studies, the term “inflammation” refers to chronic systemic circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines ○ We tend to focus on cytokines that are known to impact health and also be influenced by stress: ■ Interleukin-1 beta ■ Interleukin-6 ■ Tumor necrosis factor alpha ■ C-reactive protein Climate change ○ Change in global and regional climate patterns due to humans burning fossil fuels Cows ○ Climate change isn’t from the cows themselves ■ Fuel to make fertilizer and transport it ■ Field for tractors ■ Field for transporting corn feed and cattle ■ Field consumer uses to pick up the beef ■ fuel/electricity to refrigerate/cook the beef Why does climate change matter ○ Greenland: ■ Enough water to fill the great lakes 115 times Loss of land to higher water ○ Why would it impact human health? ■ Increased bacterial infections ■ Algae bloom ■ Relocation ● Stressful ■ Changing jobs ● stressful

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Wildfires ○ How do they impact human health? ■ Respiratory problems ● Initiates airway inflammation ■ Cardiovascular problems ■ Long term exposure to pollution may be associated with cognitive problems ○ Stress ■ Particularly among those with respiratory problems and anxiety ■ Lack of control and uncertainty about the future Strengthening of storms/exposure to disasters ■ Why would they impact human health? ● PTSD ● Increased inflammation ● Hazardous substances ● Infections due to cuts/lacerations/punctures, mold sewage ● CVD Warmer temperatures ○ What is the impact on human health? ■ Increases risk of death among at risk individuals ■ Higher pollution due to more stagnant air ■ Bacterial infections/viruses/parasites ● Salmonella ● Lyme disease ■ Changing animal ranges/seasonal patterns ■ More precipitation/acid rain Desertification ○ What is the impact on human health? Hurricane baselines ○ Stress ○ Inflammatory cytokines ○ Executive functioning ○ Relationship satisfaction ○ Attachment orientations ○ Fatigue

The hottest topic in climate factors and health ○ Vitamin D Health disparities ○ Vitamin D deficiency is a major contributor to health disparities ○ Definition: Inequity in the burden of a health problem for a given group of individuals Why would vitamin D be different among different people? ○ UVB Response to UVB ○ Interaction with 7-DHC in our skin to produce vitamin D

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Melanin ○ Produced in melanocytes Changes in skin color ○ ~2500 years ○ More UV exposure ■ More melanin ● Protects us from UV exposure (fewer uvb rays penetrating the skin) ○ Less UV exposure ■ Less melanin ● More uvb rays penetrating the skin Consequences? ○ Greater differences in uvb synthesis than at any point in the history of humans Skin cancer ○ Too much uvb exposure for some

○ Vitamin D deficiency ○ Dementia and alzheimer’s ○ Prostate cancer ○ Heart disease ■ Increased arterial stiffness ○ ED ○ Schizophrenia ○ Risk factors: ■ Having dark skin ■ Being elderly ■ overweight/obese ■ Not eating much fish or dairy ■ Using sunscreen ■ Indoor sedentary behavior ■ Greater distance from the equator ○ Symptoms: ■ Frequent illness ■ fatigue/tiredness ■ Bone and back pain ■ Depression ■ Slow wound healing ■ Bone loss ■ Hair loss ■ Muscle pain

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How does vitamin D influence the immune system? ○ The vitamin D receptor is expressed on immune cells ■ Ability to influence cell signaling ● Reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines ○ Due to increased production of IL-10 ● More likely to identify pathogens when vitamin D levels are adequate Vitamin D deficiency ○ Greater incidence of missed work days due to upper respiratory infections ■ Vitamin D administration is associated with a 42% decrease in the incidence of influenza ○ Vitamin D may be a key player in explaining why African-Americans in the US are more likely to be diagnosed with many disorders related to the immune system Low intake of vitamin D? ○ Increased likelihood of type I diabetes in offspring ■ Explain differences in type I diabetes? ● Caucasians are more likely to have type I diabetes Stress or vitamin D? What comes first? ○ There are a number of biological processes that could be promoting stress to begin with: ■ Inflammation ■ Mitochondrial functioning ■ Vitamin D deficiency ■ Microbiome Too much vitamin D? ○ Toxic due to calcium buildup in the blood ■ Vomiting ■ Weakness ■ Frequency urination ■ Bone pain ■ Kidney problems ○ Skin cancer Current research ○ Long term vitamin D supplementation (according to values in the blood) ■ Checked regularly ○ Health over time Problems other than sun exposure ○ Not ingesting enough vitamin D ○ The sun is not ALWAYS the problem Related ○ Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) ■ More than 3 million cases per year ● Fatigue ● Depression ● Hopelessness ● Social withdraw ○ Treatments? ■ Phototherapy

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The role of race/ethnicity ○ Seasonal affective disorder ■ Varies by ethnicity ■ Latitude ● Likely an interaction between the two Cancer ○ Largely driven by skin cancer ■ Exposure to radiation ○ Antarctic ozone hole

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Sex differences in emotion regulation difficulties

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Females are more likely to use rumination as an emotion regulation strategy They think over and over about a particular topic

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Nolen-Hoeksema ○ Rumination and depression ■ Modest effect - Johnson Laboratory stressors: ○ High self-reported stress and somatic symptoms ○ Few differences in physiological outcomes ■ Unless there is a romantic relationship component ● Money, sex, in-laws, parenting ● Females do demonstrate a greater physiological response than men ○ Much less is known about chronic stress Stressed populations ○ Cancer patients ○ Dementia caregivers ○ Bereaved adults ○ Low SES ■ Childhood ○ Childhood maltreatment ○ Trauma ○ Underserved populations ○ Discrimination Gender differences among the Bereaved Color-word interference test ○ Indicator of inhibition (Stroop task) ■ Amount of time it took to complete conditions 3 & 4 ● Adjusted for age ■ The number of errors made during conditions 3 & 4 ○ Results ■ Controls ● Inhibition x gender (b= ,03, p= 0.47) ■ Bereaved ● Inhibition x gender (p= 0.04) ● Significant!

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Men who performed better on stroop

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Bereavement ○ Morbidity and mortality ■ 6-12 months ● CVD ● Immune dysregulation ○ Women at greatest risk Working with the bereaved ○ How should you act around them? ○ What types of things can you say to them? ○ Resilience! ■ 75% chronic depression Hostility and cortisol ○ Hostile people with low HR variability demonstrated increased cortisol sensitivity following a stressor

○ ○ Cortisol is an important mechanism for those who experience adverse health outcomes ○ Cortisol sensitivity may be as important as total output Heart rate variability ○ Variation in the time interval between heartbeats - women demonstrate higher HRV ■ Vagus nerve ● Parasympathetic ○ More variability = more parasympathetic influence ○ Adaptive ■ Low HRV is a risk factor for type II diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases ○ Vagus nerve stimulator ■ Reduced depression ■ Lower inflammation ■ Issues: ● Cough ● Hoarseness ● Voice alteration ● Paresthesias ● Rejection of device at site of insertion ○ Self-regulatory strength ■ May help combat the upregulation of hostile thoughts/feelings ○ Photoplethysmography (PPG) ■ LED lights ○ ECG ■ Measures electrical impulses of the heart ■ More accurate if electrodes are on both sides of the body ■ More accurate than PPG

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Higher and sustained responses Really hostile = low HRV = sustained cortisol responses

Fetal programming of children’s obesity risk ○ Elevated placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is associated with greater likelihood of child obesity ■ Weird given that CRH reduces obesity after child has been born Maternal inflammation during pregnancy and newborn telomere length ○ Higher TNF-a/IL-10 ratio associated with shorter telomeres ○ Higher maternal stress influences cellular mechanisms Fetal programming and… ○ Metabolic syndrome ○ Type II diabetes ○ Cardiovascular disease ○ Wilms Tumor ○ Cumulative stress model ■ Developmental exposures to stress shape brain structure/function ■ More stress sensitive… more stress throughout the lifespan -> more susceptibility to mental and health problems ○ Match-mismatch model ■ Info about the environment is communicated to the fetus via nutrients, metabolites, hormones, etc. ■ This info can change the “phenotype” originally provided by the parents in order to match the environment Fetal programming ○ Trouble with this area of research? ■ Tough to disentangle true “fetal programming” from genetic vulnerabilities Bottle vs. breastfeeding ○ Metabolic syndrome “programming” due to earlier growth acceleration ■ Interventions - ideal bottle feeding Child genetics and parenting behavior ○ Personality of biological parent -> child behavior -> adoptive parent behavior ○ Strongest predictor is mother’s personality Early life stress ○ Influences adult health via a number of different pathways, even when controlling for adult SES Common cold study ○ Low childhood SES -> shorter telomeres -> increased likelihood of infection in adulthood

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Teenagers ○ Peer relationships, friendships and romantic relationships ■ High status protected against depression ■ Relational victimization, negative qualities within best friends predicted depressive symptoms ○ Don’t have a lot of research on biobehavioral aspects of health among teenagers ■ Restricted range ■ Most teenagers appear healthy even if they aren’t Young adults ○ Parent relationship history and young adult romantic relationships ■ Parental divorce and young adult low relationship quality via negative attitudes about marriage ■ Parental conflict predicted young adult conflict behavior with partner ○ Breaking up is hard to do ■ Breakups were associated with increased stress and decreased life satisfaction 20 months later ● Several moderators; cohabiting, plans for marriage, dating someone new Adulthood ○ Work-family spillover ■ More positive spillover was associated with better physical and mental health ● Effects of negative spillover were not identified ○ Not a lot of research on biological mechanisms HOWEVER: ■ Harassment in the workplace and mental health-related long term sickness absence among nurses Later life ○ Spousal caregiving ■ Caregivers of dementia victims had poor wound healing, lack of control of latent herpesviruses, reduced likelihood of vaccine seroconversion, high inflammation and accelerated telomere shortening ○ Childhood adversity and spousal caregiving ■ Caregivers who experienced childhood adversity demonstrated heightened IL-6 and shorter telomeres ● The difference in telomeres represents a 7 to 15 year difference in life span People influence close others in multiple ways ○ 1. Modeling ○ 2. Genetics ○ 3. Adverse conditions ○ 4. Etc. etc. etc. Multiple biological mechanisms are involved ○ 1. Immune ○ 2. Endocrine ○ 3. ANS

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Exposure to political news on social media increased political polarization Increased social media use = increased suicidal thoughts (particularly in females) ○ 22.1% of female high school students Steady increase in major depressive episodes, especially among 16-19 and 20-21 age groups Social dilemma documentary ○ For profit social media companies do not have your best interest in mind ■ Selling access to you in order to benefit other for profit companies because they can influence your cognitions and behavior ○ Social media companies employ experts in behavioral learning in order to increase your screen time… and therefore their profits ■ notifications/alerts ■ New info each time a page is refreshed ■ Info is tailored to you ○ Much of the changes in cognition and behavior of the user happens outside of awareness ○ Only info that increases each person's usage time is provided ■ Each person sees vastly different info ○ “Fake news” spreads faster than factual news ■ It elicits a greater emotional response and more screen time ○ No peer reviewed research on how social media influences mental and physical health Cognitive-Affective Personality System

○ A LOT of research on social media and health is specific to how it can be used as an intervention tool Cyberbullying, sleep, physical activity, and health/wellbeing ○ Longitudinal ■ Followed 13k children over 3 years (aged 13-16) ○ Findings: social media usage increased as children aged ○ Very frequent social media usage was associated with greater psychological distress ■ Cyberbullying, sleep and physical activity explained this association in girls ■ Unclear mechanisms in boys Social media usage and mental health ○ 1,730 US adults ranging from 19-32 ■ Findings: frequent usage of social media is associated with increased risk of depression and anxiety ● Emotional support on social media increased this risk; face to face emotional

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support decreased this risk Social media usage among those with type II diabetes during COVID ○ Increased screen time was associated with poorer glycemic control and a reduction in time spent exercising Social media usage, sleep and BMI among adolescents ○ Short sleep mediated the association between more social media usage and increased BMI among males ■ Not observed among females Take home messages ○ Social media can influence the mental and physical health according to peer reviewed research ■ However, it is likely much more complex than can be captured with current method...