BEEE 1 assignment experiment PDF

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Summary

EXP 1 Verification of Kirchhoff’s laws
KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a node/junction is equal to zero.KVL: In any closed path / mesh, the algebraic sum of all the voltages is zero.Precautions:1. Voltage control knob should be kept at minimum position.2. Current contro...

Description

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Kattankulathur – 603 203

Title of Experiment Laws

: 1. Verification of Kirchhoff’s

Name of the candidate

: ANAND THAKKAR

Register Number

: RA2111003011018

Date of Experiment

: 23-09-2021

Sl. No. 1

Marks Split up Pre Lab questions

Maximum marks (50) 2.5

2

Preparation of observation

4

3

Execution of experiment

8

4

Calculation / Evaluation of Result Post Lab questions

8

5

Total

2.5 25

Marks obtained

Staff Signature

PRE LAB QUESTIONS 1. Define Ohm’s law. A law stating that electric current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Formula - V=IR V=Voltage I=Current r=resistance 2. State KCL and KVL. KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW (KCL): Kirchhoff’s current law is also known as Kirchhoff's first law or junction rule. The principle of this law is to conserve the electric charge. The law states that the amount of current flowing into a node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of it. KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL): The KVL states that the algebraic sum of the voltage at node in a closed circuit is equal to zero. The KCL law states that, in a closed circuit, the entering current at node is equal to the current leaving at the node.....But, in complex electrical circuits, we cannot use this law to calculate the voltage and current. 3. Define absolute potential and potential difference

ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL Absolute potential energy is defined as the amount of work that needs to be done on an object to bring it to its current location from a point of infinite distance. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE The difference of electrical potential between two points. 4. What is the difference between mesh and loop? LOOP

MESH

It is a closed path in a circuit formed by starting A mesh is a closed path at a node and returning to the starting node. during a circuit with no other paths inside it. The loop is found with unique nodes where none A mesh is a loop that has no of the nodes are repeated for more than once. other circuit paths inside it.

5. What is super-node? A Super node is a theoretical construct that can be used to solve a circuit. This is done by viewing a voltage source on a wire as a point source voltage in relation to other point voltages located at various nodes in the circuit, relative to a ground node assigned a zero or negative charge

Experiment No. 1 Date :

VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S LAWS

Aim: To verify Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law for the Given circuit. Apparatus Required: Sl.No. Apparatus 1 RPS (regulated power supply) 2 Resistance 3 4

Ammeter Voltmeter

Range (0-30V) 330, 220 1k (0-30mA)MC (0-30V)MC

Quantity 2 6 3 3

5

Bread Board & Wires

--

Required

Statement: KCL:The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a node/junction is equal to zero. KVL:In any closed path / mesh, the algebraic sum of all the voltages is zero. Precautions: 1. Voltage control knob should be kept at minimum position. 2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position. Procedure for KCL: 1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set a particular value in RPS. 3. Note down the corresponding ammeter reading 4. Repeat the same for different voltages Procedure for KVL: 1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set a particular value in RPS. 3. Note all the voltage reading 4. Repeat the same for different voltages

HARDWARE SETUP:

Circuit for KCL verification:

Circuit for KVL verification:

KCL - Theoretical Values:

Sl. No. 1 2

Voltage E Volts 5 8

I1 mA 5.68 9.09

Current I2 mA 3.12 5

I1 = I2 + I3 I3 mA 2.55 4.09

mA 5.67 5.09

KCL - Practical Values: Sl. No. 1 2

Voltage E Volts

I1 mA

Current I2 mA

I1 = I2 + I3 I3 mA

mA

5 8

5.68 9.1

3.12 5

2.56 4.1

5.68 9.1

PROCEDURE: 1.

Make circuit connections as shown in image

2.

Switch ON RPS and vary the voltage such that Va = 50

3.

Note down the corresponding meter readings and tabulate.

4.

Repeat the procedure for different voltages by varying RPS such that Va = 20V, 30V.

5.

Bring back the RPS to zero position and switch OFF the RPS.

6.

Remove all connections.

KVL – Theoretical Values RPS

Sl.No. 1 2 3

E1 V 5 8 10

E2 V 5 8 10

V1 V 0.59 0.9306 1.166

Voltage V2 V 4.41 7.06 8.83

V3 V 0.59 0.9328 1.166

KVL E1 = V1 + V2 V 5 8 10

KVL - Practical Values Sl.No.

RPS

Voltage

KVL

1 2 3

E1 V 5 8 10

E2 V 5 8 10

Model Calculations:

V1 V 584.04mV 932.86mV 1.17 V

V2 V 4.42 7.07 8.83 V

V3 V 583.04mV 932.86mV 1.17 V

E1 = V1 + V2 V 5 8 10

Result: Hence Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law is verified.

POST LAB QUESTIONS 1) Illustrate KCL and KVL. KCL Illustration:-

In this figure, Currents flowing towards the junction are taken as positive, And currents flowing away from the junction are taken as negative. I1 + I2 - I3 -I4 = 0 I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 Hence, Incoming current = Outgoing current.

KVL Illustration:-

In this figure, traversing in C.W. direction around loop ABCFA, I1R1 + I2R2 Algebric sum of emf’s = E1 + E2

Applying Kirchhoff’s Loop rule to ABCFA, E1 – E2 = I1R1 – I2R2 Similarly, Applying KVL to mesh CDEFC, E2 = I2R2 + (I1 + I2)R3 Hence, KVL is based on the law of “Conservation of Energy”

2) Express the limitations of Ohm’s law? (i) Ohm’s law is not applicable for unilateral electrical elements like diodes and transistors as they only allow the current to flow through in one direction. (ii) For non-linear electrical elements with parameters like capacitance, resistance, the voltage and current won’t be constant with respect to time making it difficult to use Ohm’s law.

3) What is the practical application of Kirchhoff’s law? Kirchhoff's law is used to help us understand how current and voltage work within a circuit. They can also be used to analyze complex circuits that can't be reduced to one equivalent resistance using what we have known about series and parallel resistors.

4) Compare series and parallel circuits Series Circuit

Parallel Circuit

In a series circuit, the same amount of

In parallel circuits, the components are

Current flows through all the

placed in parallel with each other due

to components placed in it.

which the current splits in the circuit.

5) What is the difference between series and parallel connection of batteries? In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents flowing through each component. Whereas, In a series circuit, every device must function for the circuit to be complete. For example - If one bulb fuses in a series circuit, the entire circuit is broken.

ANAND THAKKAR RA2111003011018

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