Betty Neuman: Metaparadigm PDF

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Betty Neuman's life, works, and theory...

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BETTY NEUMAN (1924 - Present)

“System is a whole. It comes together.” NEUMAN SYSTEM MODEL -

Framework that helps us understand the idea if adversity by delineating the relationship of the patient to the environment.

Goal-centered phenomenon Relies on the interplay of the continuous change of the parts of the system. PARTS: • INPUT – data that go through and integrated in the system. • OUTPUT – end product of the input that is processed in the system. • FEEDBACK - re-evaluated and changed output that goes as input back into the system.

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SYSTEM MODEL IN NURSING PRACTICE Incorporated that concept of the whole person and an open system approach. Aims to develop the person in a state of wellness to function optimally. Role of the nurse is to help individual adapt with environmental stimuli back to wellness. Components: stress and reaction to stress.

METAPARADIGM: PERSON - individual, family, or community or the society. - Open system – works together with other parts of its body as it interacts with the environment. Variable: 1. Physiological – body structure and function 2. Psychological – mental processes in interaction with environment. 3. Sociological – effects of social condition. 4. Developmental – age-related processes. 5. Spiritual – beliefs and influences related to spirituality.

Protective Mechanisms: 1. Flexible Line of Defense 2. Normal Line of Defense 3. Lines of Resistance It has protective mechanism: Core – basic survival factors or energy resources of the client. Lines of resistance – act when the normal line of defense is invaded by too much stressor, producing alterations in the client’s health. Normal line of defense – to achieve stability of the system, this line must act in coordination with the normal wellness state. Flexible line of defense – serves as boundary for the normal line of defense to adjust to situations that threaten the imbalance within the client’s stability.

Health - Dynamic in nature - Equated with stability of normal line of defense - Person’s health depends upon which state of the health continuum they are in line with, whether in the state of wellness or illness. - Wellness – stable condition when the parts of the client system interact in harmony with the whole system. - Illness – needs are not satisfied. Environment: - Internal, external, and created force that interacts with a person’s state of health. - Can alter or improve the systems in which a person exists. These factors are what Neuman termed as the STRESSORS: 1. Intrapersonal – occurs within the self and compromises of man as a psychospiritual being. - emotions and feelings, hypertension, low blood glucose. 2. Interpersonal – occurs between on or more individual and consists of man as a social being.

- role of expectations, perception of care given. 3. Extrapersonal – occur outside the individual. - job and financial pressure. NEGENTROPY - towards stability or wellness. EGENTROPY OR ENTROPY - set towards stability disorganization of system > illness. STRESSORS - forces that produce tensions, alterations or potential problems causing instability within the client’s system. REACTION – outcomes or produced results of certain stressors and actions of the lines of resistance of a client. Nursing - Unique profession that requires holistic approach – considers all factors affecting a client’s health. - Aims to promote optimal wellness to its client through retention, attainment, or maintenance of the stability of client’s system. - Nurse helps the different levels of clientele: individual, family, and groups in achieving and maintaining an optimal wellness through intervention with the goal of reducing stress factors and its adverse effects to the optimal functioning of an individual in any given situation. - Nursing consists of intervention modalities of prevention which can be: (1) primary, (2) secondary, (3) tertiary • PREVENTION – used to attain balance within the continuum of health. • PRIMARY PREVENTION – focuses on foreseeing the result of an act or situation and preventing its unnecessary effects as possible. • SECONDARY PREVENTION – helping alleviate the actual existing effects of an action that altered the balance of health of a person. • TERTIARY PREVENTION – actual treatments or adjustments to facilitate the strengthening of a person after being exposed to a certain disease or illness. • RECONSTITUTION – adjustment state from the degree of reaction. Going back to the actual state of health before illness. • Once an individual is exposed to stress, the flexible line of defense will be “alarmed” to protect the normal (solid) line of defense to keep the system free from stressor reactions.

• However, if this individual is continuously exposed to stress and if the flexible line of defense is unable anymore to cope up with the stressors, the normal line of defense will be altered. • If this happens, there will be a threat to the wall that protects the basic structure of the individual and therefore causing instability of the systems and illness develops. LEVELS OF PREVENTION: 1. PRIMARY PREVENTION - maintain optimum level of functioning (health promotion & disease prevention) 2. SECONDARY PREVENTION – early detection of disease and prompt treatment; aims to avoid further decline of functioning. 3. TERTIARY PREVENTION – prevent the regression and recurrence of illness; rehabilitation....