Bio FRQ 2 222 22 22 22 PDF

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Z47006XY S.J a) Having the skin disorder for that specific questioned individual is 75% or ¾. b) The parents both have the skin disorder. One child has the disorder but another child does not. This means that the skin disorder is likely a dominant trait in which both parents are heterozygotic for that trait. This means the unaffected child has homozygous recessive and does not have the dominant trait for skin disorder. If we do a Punnett square and Cross Ff x Ff (F as skin disorder affected and f as unaffected), this questioned child has a 75% of catching the disorder or ¾ probability. c) The aquaporin protein is an integral protein found in the cell membranes and serve as a channel protein so that water can come in or out through the cell membranes. This integral protein extends from cytoplasm to the outside space to serve as a channel to transport water. d) If placed in a hypertonic solution, water will rush from the cell to outside of the cell and eventually cause this cell to shrink. The rate of water movement will slow down over time because in the beginning, there may be a bigger difference in water potential in and out of the cell. Over time, the water potential evens out and the rate in which water rushes out of the cell will also slow down and eventually be very slow when the water potential is pretty even both inside and outside the cell. e) Aquaporins are inserted can be distributed to other parts of plasma membrane because the plasma membrane is not rigid but is actually pretty fluidly moving around. This is known as fluid mosaic model. The model shows that there is a mosaic, some pattern of carbohydrates, proteins, and more material throughout the membrane, and more importantly there is fluidity, the ability of the proteins such as aquaporins to move around throughout the membrane to some degree of freedom. f) Presence of aquaporins in mitochondrial membranes mean that the mitochondria was descended from an environment in which mitochondrial membranes did not used to have aquaporins and now has taken in aquaporins and live mutually with such aquaporins. Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria and these mitochondria have different DNA compared to the cell nucleus and have double membranes unlike the cell membrane. These aquaporins also must be from a foreign environment and have different DNA compared to mitochondrial DNA and also have differences in membrane structure or function compared to the mitochondrial membrane. The aquaporin a long time ago likely joined with mitochondria’s membranes and lived mutually to serve as a good coexistence with useful functions....