Chapter 22 PDF

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Exam Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 22.1

Using Figure 22.1, match the following: 1) Main (primary) bronchus. Answer: D 2) Pharynx. Answer: A 3) Larynx. Answer: B 4) Carina of trachea. Answer: E 5) Trachea. Answer: C

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Figure 22.2

Using Figure 22.2, match the following: 6) Tidal volume. Answer: B 7) Inspiratory reserve volume. Answer: A 8) Residual volume. Answer: D 9) Expiratory reserve volume. Answer: C 10) Air that does not participate in the exchange of gases. Answer: D

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MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following: 11) NO exchange of gases occurs here.

A) Alveolar duct

Answer: D B) Type II alveolar cells 12) Secrete a fluid containing surfactant. Answer: B

C) Type I alveolar cells

13) Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins. Answer: E

D) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi E) Respiratory bronchioles

14) Composed of simple squamous epithelium. Answer: C 15) Terminates in alveoli. Answer: A 16) Composed of cuboidal cells. Answer: B 17) The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ________. Answer: C Match the following: 18) TV + IRV + ERV + RV.

A) Vital capacity

Answer: D B) Inspiratory capacity 19) ERV + RV. Answer: C

C) Functional residual capacity

20) TV + IRV + ERV.

D) Total lung capacity

Answer: A 21) TV + IRV. Answer: B TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

22) Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli. Answer:

True

False

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23) The lingual tonsil is found on the posterior surface of the root of the tongue. Answer:

True

False

24) The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to air for greater efficiency. Answer:

True

False

25) The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue). Answer:

True

False

26) A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate. Answer:

True

False

27) Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli. Answer:

True

False

28) During normal quiet breathing, males breathe 25% more than females. Answer:

True

False

29) The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation. Answer:

True

False

30) In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree. Answer:

True

False

31) Labored breathing is termed hypercapnia. Answer:

True

False

32) The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase. Answer:

True

False

33) Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin. Answer:

True

False

34) The paired lungs occupy the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity. Answer:

True

False

35) The Heimlich maneuver is a procedure in which air in the lungs is used to expel a piece of food lodged in the esophagus. Answer:

True

False

36) Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia. Answer:

True

False

37) Tracheal obstruction is life threatening. Answer:

True

False

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38) The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall. Answer:

True

False

39) The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs. Answer:

True

False

40) Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation. Answer:

True

False

41) The inflation (Hering- Breuer) reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung. Answer:

True

False

42) Strong emotions and pain, acting through the limbic system and hypothalamus, send signals to the respiratory centers that modulate respiratory rate and depth. Answer:

True

False

43) As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated

(the Bohr effect). Answer:

True

False

44) Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. Answer:

True

False

45) Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic. Answer:

True

False

46) Nasal conchae heat and moisten inhaled air, and reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation. Answer:

True

False

47) Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage. Answer:

True

False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

48) Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses? A) maxillary B) ethmoid

C) frontal

Answer: D 49) The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. A) length of the vocal folds B) force with which air rushes across the vocal folds C) thickness of vestibular folds D) strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles Answer: B

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D) temporal

50) The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________. A) trap dust and other debris B) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion C) secrete surfactant D) replace mucus in the alveoli Answer: C 51) Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________. A) greater than the intra- alveolar pressure B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere C) less than the pressure in the atmosphere D) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere Answer: B 52) Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air? A) It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall. B) It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration. C) It is driven by increased blood CO2 levels. D) It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles. Answer: B 53) Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? A) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium B) C- shaped cartilage rings C) surfactant production D) surface tension of water Answer: B 54) Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. A) negative pressure in the intrapleural space B) pressure within the pleural cavity C) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure D) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs Answer: D 55) The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. A) Boyle's law B) Dalton's law C) Charles' law

D) Henry's law

Answer: A 56) The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. A) Boyle's law B) Henry's law C) Charles' law D) Dalton's law Answer: D 57) Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. A) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations B) humidifying the air before it enters C) warming the air before it enters D) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid Answer: D 58) As the tension of vocal folds in the larynx increase, the voice becomes ________. A) lower in pitch B) more distinct C) higher in pitch Answer: C

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D) louder

59) The Bohr effect describes the tendency for hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under which conditions? A) increased pH and PCO2 B) increased pH and decreased PCO2 C) decreased pH and increased PCO2 D) decreased pH and PCO2 Answer: C 60) The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. A) loss of oxygen in tissues B) increase of carbon dioxide C) alkalosis D) acidosis Answer: B 61) The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. A) the Haldane effect B) chloride shifting C) the Bohr effect D) ventilation- perfusion coupling Answer: D 62) In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. A) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin B) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules C) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin D) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood Answer: D 63) Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America? A) colorectal B) esophageal C) lung D) skin Answer: C 64) Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? A) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures B) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid C) compliance and transpulmonary pressures D) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid Answer: D 65) Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? A) the Bohr effect B) chloride shifting C) release of hydrogen ion D) the Haldane effect Answer: B 66) Hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen. Which principle explains why a hyperbaric chamber (containing high levels of oxygen) can treat carbon monoxide poisoning? A) Henry's law B) Charles' law C) Dalton's law D) Boyle's law Answer: A 67) Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs? A) gas exchange B) external respiration C) internal respiration D) pulmonary ventilation Answer: D

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68) The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. A) friction B) surface tension C) air pressure D) surfactant Answer: A 69) Which of the following determines lung compliance? A) flexibility of the thoracic cage C) airway opening

B) alveolar surface tension D) muscles of inspiration

Answer: B 70) Tidal volume is air ________. A) inhaled after normal inspiration C) exchanged during normal breathing

B) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration

Answer: C 71) Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? A) the temperature B) partial pressure gradient C) solubility in water D) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule Answer: B 72) Possible causes of hypoxia include ________. A) obstruction of the esophagus C) too little oxygen in the atmosphere

B) getting very cold D) taking several rapid deep breaths

Answer: C 73) The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. A) tidal volume B) vital capacity C) expiratory reserve volume D) inspiratory capacity Answer: B 74) Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization? A) At high altitudes, hemoglobin's affinity for O 2 is increased because BPG concentrations increase. B) High- altitude conditions always result in lower- than- normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded. C) When blood O2 levels decline, the kidneys produce more erythropoietin, which stimulates breakdown of

red blood cells in the spleen. D) Decreases in arterial PO2 cause the peripheral chemoreceptors to become less responsive to increases in PCO2. Answer: B 75) Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing? A) rising carbon dioxide levels C) rising blood pressure

B) arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg D) acidosis resulting from CO 2 retention

Answer: C 76) Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. A) midbrain and medulla C) pons and midbrain Answer: D

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B) upper spinal cord and medulla D) medulla and pons

77) The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. A) vital capacity B) inspiratory reserve volume C) reserve air D) expiratory capacity Answer: B 78) Which statement about CO2 is FALSE? A) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. B) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs. C) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. D) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood. Answer: B 79) Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________. A) thoracic cavity volume; lung volume B) tidal volume; vital capacity C) intrapleural pressure; transpulmonary pressure D) intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure Answer: D 80) The left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has ________. A) three lobes B) a wider and more vertical primary bronchus C) a cardiac notch D) an oblique fissure Answer: C 81) The larynx contains ________. A) the thyroid cartilage B) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds C) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds D) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple Answer: A 82) Which respiratory- associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon? A) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract B) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax D) diaphragm would contract, internal intercostals would relax Answer: A 83) How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood? A) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells B) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin C) as carbonic acid in the plasma D) as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells Answer: D 84) Which of the choices below is NOT a role of the pleurae? A) help limit the spread of local infections B) allow the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing movements C) help divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers D) assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs Answer: D 9

85) Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO 2 transport? A) as bicarbonate ions in plasma B) 7- 10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma C) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin D) just over 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin Answer: C 86) Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________. A) temperature of alveolar air B) voluntary cortical control C) stretch receptors in the alveoli D) thalamic control Answer: B 87) Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? A) alveolar ducts B) alveoli C) respiratory bronchioles D) alveolar sacs Answer: B 88) Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs? A) capillary endothelium B) alveolar epithelium C) basement membrane D) single layer of smooth muscle cells Answer: D 89) The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________. A) reduces brain perfusion by constricting cerebral blood vessels B) lowers blood pH levels C) helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood D) helps retain oxygen in the blood Answer: C 90) Inspiratory capacity is ________. A) the total amount of exchangeable air B) functional residual capacity C) air inspired after a tidal inhalation D) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration Answer: D 91) Which center is located in the pons? A) inspiratory center C) expiratory center

B) pacemaker neuron center D) pontine respirator group (PRG)

Answer: D 92) The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT ________. A) warming and humidifying the air B) as the direct initiator of the cough reflex C) as a passageway for air movement D) cleansing the air Answer: B

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93) According to the oxygen- hemoglobin dissociation curve, PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg results in Hb being

98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O2 . At a PO2 in the lungs of 80 mm Hg, Hb would be ________ saturated. A) 95%

B) 100%

C) 98%

D) less than 50%

Answer: A 94) Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning? A) hyperventilation to exhale CO from the body B) slow breathing into a paper bag C) hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body D) immediate application of bicarbonate ions to facilitate removal of CO from Hb Answer: C 95) Which pressure actually keeps the lungs from collapsing? A) intrapleural pressure C) atmospheric pressure

B) intrapulmonary pressure D) transpulmonary pressure

Answer: D 96) Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? A) partial pressure of carbon dioxide B) partial pressure of oxygen C) number of red blood cells D) temperature Answer: C 97) Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall? A) the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs B) the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone C) the smooth muscles of the lung D) surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity Answer: D 98) The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. A) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes B) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes C) basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes D) temperature is lower at higher altitudes Answer: B 99) Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. A) abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa B) porous structure of turbinate bones C) ciliated mucous lining in the nose D) action of the epiglottis Answer: C

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100) Which of the following is INCORRECT? A) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance. B) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. C) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. D) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli. Answer: A 101) Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. B) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. D) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension. Answer: C 102) Select the correct statement about oxygen trans...