Chapter 22 study guide PDF

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Chapter 22 Respiratory system What major structures are found in the upper and lower respiratory tracts? Upper:  Nasal cavity  Pharynx  Larynx Lower:  Trachea  Primary bronchi  Lungs What structures does air pass through in the correct sequence as it moves from the atmosphere to the respiratory surface of the lungs? 1. 2. 3. 4.

Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi

What are the functions of the nasal passages? A channel for airflow through the nose, walls are coated with respiratory mucous membranes, which contain innumerable tiny hair like cells that move waves of mucus towards the throat What is the glottis? What is the function of the epiglottis? Glottis: composed of the ventricular folds, the true vocal cords and the space between the folds Epiglottis: attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea What connective tissue is found in the walls of much of the respiratory system’s conducting zone? What is its function? Tissue: Function: provide route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air What type of epithelium lines the airways? What are its functions? Goblet cells: secrete mucus Ciliated cells: cilia move particles towards mouth What are the three regions of the pharynx? 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx

What are the functions of the conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract? Gas exchange occurs on the surface of each alveolus by a network of capillaries carrying blood that has come through veins from other parts of the body Includes:  trachea (windpipe)  bronchi  bronchioles  alveoli What type of tissue are alveoli composed of? Simple squamous epithelial What cells do they share their basement membrane with?   

Type 1 alveolar cell Type 2 alveolar cell Alveolar macrophage

What are type I and Type II alveolar cells and their functions? Which kind forms the bulk of the respiratory surface? Type 1: squamous epithelial cell that are the major cell type in the alveolar wall, highly permeable to gases Type 2: cuboidal epithelial cells that are the minor cell type in the alveolar, secrete pulmonary surfactant What lines of defense are employed by the respiratory system to reduce the chance of airborne infections? Alveolar macrophages  phagocytic cell of the immune system that removes debris and pathogens that have reached the alveoli What is surfactant and what is its function? Surfactant: interferes with hydrogen bonding disallow water to form thick barrier Function: prevent collapse of smaller alveoli What are the layers of serous membranes that cover the lungs and line the thoracic cavity?  

Visceral pleura  superficial to the lungs Parietal pleura  outer layer

What are the major muscles of inspiration used in quiet breathing?  

Diaphragm External intercostals

What part of the at-rest ventilation cycle requires energy input?

What is a spirograph? What are, tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, total lung capacity?

Spirograph: instrument for registering the depth and rapidity of respiratory Tidal Volume: amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing Inspiratory reserve volume: amount of air that enters the lungs due to deep inhalation past the tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume: amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation Residual volume: varying amounts of air within the lung at a given time Inspiratory capacity: sum of TV and IRV, which is the amount of air that can be inhaled past a tidal expiration Functional residual capacity: sum of ERV and RV which is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a tidal expiration Vital capacity: sum of TV, ERV, and IRV, which is all the volumes that participate in gas exchange Total lung capacity: total amount of air that can be held in the lungs, sum of TV, ERV, IRV, and RV What is an obstructive lung disease? What is a restrictive lung disease? What are examples of each? Obstructive: easily collapsible airway, problems exhaling Example  asthma/ bronchitis Restrictive: stiffness of the chest wall, weak muscles or damaged nerves may cause restriction in lung expansion Example  autoimmune disease/ interstitial lung disease What does FEV stand for? FEV1? How can an FEV1 test diagnose obstructive lung disease? Meaning: forced expiratory volume (in the first second)  Less than 80% of the vital capacity is an indicator of an obstructive lung disease  Pulmonary function test = spirometer measures the amount of air you inhale/exhale and amount of time it takes you to exhale completely after a deep breath  person's vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of forced expiration to the full vital capacity Example: emphysema/ chronic bronchitis How can the vital capacity be diagnostic of obstructive lung disease? 

Less than 80% of that predicted for an individual is indicative of a restrictive lung disease

Example: pulmonary fibrosis/ obesity/muscular dystrophy What is alveolar ventilation? Why is tidal volume not a valid indicator of how much air oxygen is entering the lungs? What is dead air space? Alveolar Ventilation: the volume of gas expired from alveoli to the outside of the body per minute Dead air space: anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space together, and represents all of the air in the respiratory system that is not being used in the gas exchange process What is the partial pressure of a gas? What gas in the atmosphere has the greatest partial pressure? Partial pressure: is the pressure of a single type of gas in a mixture of gases Greatest partial pressure  nitrogen (597.4)

How does partial pressure (concentrations) of oxygen and carbon dioxide change as blood moves through the cardiovascular system? Where is the partial pressure highest and lowest for each gas? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.  

Nitrogen Oxygen Water Carbon dioxide Others Greater the partial pressure difference between the two areas, the more rapid is the movement of gases Partial pressure is the force exerted by a particular gas, Dalton’s law  sum of the partial pressure of all gases in a mixture equals the total pressure

In what forms do oxygen and carbon dioxide travel in blood? What are the relative percentages of each form? Gas exchange occurs at two sites: 1. Oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is released at the at the respiratory membrane and at tissues 2. Oxygen is released, and carbon dioxide is picked up Oxygen:13.7% Carbon dioxide: 5.2% What is oxyhemoglobin dissociation? Is a graph that describes the relationship of partial pressure to the binding of oxygen to heme and its subsequent dissociation from heme How does pH affect this dissociation?  

Lower/ more acidic pH promotes oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin Higher/ more basic pH inhibits oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin

How is fetal hemoglobin different from maternal hemoglobin? Fetal hemoglobin: has its own circulation with its own erythrocytes though it is dependent on the mother for oxygen  blood is supplied to the fetus by way of umbilical cord  Blood at the placenta = 20mm Hg Maternal hemoglobin: blood in the placenta = 35 to 50 mm Hg

What are the central and peripheral chemoreceptors? How do they differ in their effect on the activity of the respiratory system? Central chemoreceptor: one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain that sense changes in hydrogen Peripheral chemoreceptor: one of the specialized receptors located in the aortic arch and carotids arteries that sense changes in pH, carbon dioxide, or oxygen blood levels...