Chapter 8 Study Guide PDF

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Gener al Bi ol ogy1010C Ch8I nt r ot oMet abol i s m St udyGui deQues t i ons 1.Cont r as tt het wobr oadcat egor i esofmet abol i cpat hway s . Cat abol i c-br eaksdownmol ecul es&r el eas esener gy .Ex .Cel l ul arr espi r at i ongl uc osei sbr ok endownt of r eeener gy . Anabol i c-bui l dsupmol ec ul es&r equi r est hei nputofener gy .Ex .Pr ot ei n Sy nt hesi s-ami noaci dsar eboundt oget herusi ngener gy . 2.Ex pl ai nt heconceptofpot ent i alener gy .Howi sener gys t or ed?Gi v esomeex ampl es . Pot ent i al ener gyi sener gyt hatmat t erpos sess esbecaus eofi t sl ocat i onor s t r uct ur e.Abi c y cl eont opofahi l l ,abookhel dov ery ourhead,andas t r et c hed s pr i ngal l hav epot ent i alener gy . 3.Whati st hedi ffer encebet weenexer goni candender goni cc hemi cal r eact i ons ? Whi c hocc urs pont aneousl y ? Whatf act or swi l l det er mi newhet herar eact i onoccur s s pont aneousl y ? Whati smeantby“ f r eeener gy” ? Exer goni c( cat abol i c) r ef er st ochemi calr eact i onst hatpr oceeds pont aneous l y f r om r eact ant st opr oduct swi t ht her el easeofener gy .Ender goni cr eact i ons ( anabol i c)r equi r eener gyi nputt opr oceed. Gr epr es ent saquant i t ycal l edf r eeener gy.Thel et t erG i sus edi nhonoroft he Amer i canmat hemat i ci anJ.Wi l l ar dGi bbs( 1839–1903)whofi r sts howedt hat t heeffectofent r opyi sdependentupont emper at ur e.Whaty ouneedt oknowi s : G =-( negat i ve) ,t her eact i onwi l loccurspont aneousl y G =+( posi t i ve) ,t her eact i onwi l lNOToccurspont aneousl y 4.Desc r i bet het hr eegener al t y pesofwor kacel lmustdo. 1)Chemi calwor k,t hepus hi ngofender goni cr eact i onst hatwoul dnotoccur s pont aneousl y ,s uchast hesy nt hesi sofpol ymer sf r om monomer s-( Anabol i c r eact i ons ," Uphi l l "i tt ak eswor kt omak et hesepol y mer s) 2)Tr anspor twor k ,t hepumpi ngofsubst ancesacr os smembr anesagai nstt he di r ect i onofspont aneousmov ement . 3)Mechani cal wor k,suc hast hebeat i ngofci l i a,t hecont r act i onofmuscl ecel l s , andt hemov ementofchr omosomesdur i ngcel l ul arr epr oduct i on

5.Desc r i bet hegener al effect st hatf ol l owf r om t hebr eak downofATPi nt oADP&P. Theener gyr el easedf r om t hehydr ol y si sofATPi nt oADPi susedt oper f or m cel l ul arwor k,us ual l ybycoupl i ngt heex er goni cr eac t i onofATPhy dr ol y si swi t h ender goni cr eact i ons. 6.Whatar eenz ymes ?Howdot heyf unct i on?Descr i behowt heyi nt er actwi t ht hei r s peci fics ubst r at emol ecul es .Howdoenzy mesaffectt heener get i cs( t heener gyr el at ed as pect s)ofc hemi c alr eact i ons ? Enzymesar epr ot ei nst hatcat al yz echemi cal r eact i ons.Theypr omot echemi cal r eact i onsbydecr easi ngt her equi r edact i v at i onener gy( t heyl owert hehi l l ) .Some enzymess ynt hes i z es ubst r at esi nt oapr oduct .Ex .Dehydr at i on.Thesear e anabol i c .Ot herenz ymesspl i tpol ymer sorr emov emonomer s .EX.Hydr ol y s i s . Thesear ecat abol i c . 7.Whatphy si calf act or saffectenz ymeact i vi t y ?Nameanddesc r i bet het wobas i cway s cel l scanr egul at eenzy meact i v i t ybyi nhi bi t i on. Ex pl ai nt hepr ocessofnegat i v ef eedbacki nhi bi t i onandhowi twor ks . Sev er al f act or saffectt her at eatwhi chenzymat i cr eact i onspr oceedt emper at ur e,pH,enzymeconcent r at i on,s ubst r at econc ent r at i on,andt he pr esenceofanyi nhi bi t or soract i v at or s . ecul ecompet eswi t has ubst r at eby I ncompet i t i v ei nhi bi t i on,ani nhi bi t ormol bi ndi ngt ot heenzyme' sac t i vesi t esot hes ubst r at ei sbl ock ed. I nnoncompet i t i v ei nhi bi t i on( al soknownasal l os t er i ci nhi bi t i on) ,ani nhi bi t orbi nds t oanal l os t er i csi t e;t hesubs t r at ecanst i l l bi ndt ot heenzy me,butt heenzymei s nol ongeri nopt i mal posi t i ont ocat al yz et her eact i on. Feedbacki nhi bi t i onoccur swhent heendpr oductofar eact i oni nt er f er eswi t ht he enzymet hathel pedpr oducei t .Thei nhi bi t ordoest hi sbybi ndi ngt oas econd act i v ebi ndi ngs i t et hat ' sdi ffer entf r om t heoneat t achedt ot hei ni t i al r eact ant .The enzymet henc hangesi t ss hapeandcan' tcat al yz et her eact i onanymor e.Thi s t ypeofi nhi bi t i oni sdoneasar egul at or ymechani sm t omeett hemet abol i cneeds oft hecel l oror gani sm.Manymechani sms ,suchasbi l eaci ds y nt hes i si nt hel i v er andcel l ul arr es pi r at i on,usef eedbacki nhi bi t i ononar egul arbas i s....