Chapter 4 Study Guide PDF

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Chapter 4: Nutrition, Metabolism, Enzymes The Peanut Butter Project: A doctor’s crusade to end malnutrition in Africa a spoonful at a time. Driving Question 1: What are the macronutrients and micronutrients provided by food? Why should you care? We are what we eat. Research over the last 40 years or more has increasingly pointed to a proper diet --- one that includes the right kinds of nutrients from the right kinds of foods --- as a major component of overall health, longevity and quality of life. When it comes to food, knowledge is power: Knowing what kinds of nutrients are in different kinds of foods is the first step toward making good food choices. What should you know? To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to: 1. List the three dietary macronutrients and the foods in which each predominates. a. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids 2. Explain why a healthy diet must include a variety of food sources to provide all necessary macronutrients. a. It is necessary to include all macronutrients since only one or two of them are in each food source. 3. Define and give examples of the types of micronutrients. a. Carbohydrates: are in fruits & veggies, grains, and legumes b. Proteins: meats, legumes, dairy c. Fats: dairy, meats, oils Infographic Focus: The infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are 4.2, 4.3 and Table 4.1. Test Your Vocabulary: Match the following definitions to the terms they describe: [NUTRIENTS]: The chemical building blocks our bodies need to live, grow, and repair themselves. Provide energy [ENERGY]: the ability to do work. Powers our activities, helps build complex muscles. [MACRONUTRIENTS]: Nutrients that organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health. Carbs, proteins, and lipids [MINERAL]: inorganic elements required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance. Ex. Calcium, iron, potassium, zinc [MICRONUTRIENTS]: minerals and vitamins [VITAMIN]: organic molecules required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance

1. List the three dietary macronutrients and the foods in which each predominates.

a. Carbs lipids protiens Complete the following table to identify the three macronutrients and foods in which they predominate:

Source Food Type 1 Food Type 2

Carbohydrates

Macronutrient Protein

Fats

2. Explain why a healthy diet must include a variety of food sources to provide all necessary macronutrients.

Can a vegetarian acquire all the macronutrients he/she needs? Explain. A vegetarian can consume legumes and dairy to accompany the proteins that they can consume. The carbohydrates they can eat fruits, veggies, grains, and legumes. Can a vegan (someone who eats only plant products) acquire all the macronutrients he/she needs? Explain. 3. Define and give examples of the types of micronutrients. Micronutrient: minerals essential for health bt required in far smalleramounts than macro nutrients VITAMIN C IRON ETC Mineral: inorganic elements required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance CALCIUM • Vitamin: organic molecules required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance. VITAMIN D Review Questions 1. Proteins and fats are two of the macronutrients our bodies need. The third is a. Carbohydrates b. Vitamins c. Minerals d. Simple sugars e. Dairy products 2. Which of the following types of food is a good source of both protein and fat? a. Grain products such as bread and pasta b. Legumes such as beans and lentils c. Fruits and vegetables d. Olive oil e. Red meat Related Vocabulary Define each term; illustrate as appropriate; note the similarities and differences between terms.

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Diabetes: Osteoporosis Nutrients Energy Macronutrients

Driving Question 2: What are essential nutrients? Why should you care? The macronutrients we consume are broken down into smaller subunits; these, in turn, are used to build the molecules that comprise our cells and cell components. In contrast, essential nutrients are nutrients that our bodies need to function normally, yet cannot be made by the body itself. Therefore, essential nutrients must be obtained through the diet. This reiterates the fact that when it comes to healthy food choices, knowledge is power. What should you know? To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to: 1. Describe how the macronutrients in your diet are broken down and what their building blocks are. a. Process is digestion, proteins are broken down into amino acids used to assemble new proteins that have many different functions in the body. Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars. All used to build cell-surface makers, energy-storage molecules. Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol 2. Describe how the building blocks of macronutrients are reassembled and what some of their functions are in our cells. a. Proteins-Amino acids – to assemble new proteins that have many diff functions in the body b. Carbohydrates- used to build cell-surface makers, energy-storage molecules. c. Fats – broken own into the fatty acids and glycerol, udes to build molecules that form cell membranes & assemble the phospholipids that make up cell membranes 3. Define what an essential nutrient is. a. Cells can’t synthesize them. Nutrients may be obtained through diet. Essential amino acids (20 to build them) Infographic Focus: The infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are 4.3, 4.5 and Table 4.1. Test Your Vocabulary: Match the following definitions to the terms they describe: • [MACRONUTRIENTS]: Nutrients that organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health [ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS]: cells can’t synthesize them. Nutrients that must be obtained through a diet. Essential amino acids (20 used to build proteins. 9 can’t be synthesized) [ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS]: 20 of them used to build proteins. 9 can’t be synthesized 1. Describe how the macronutrients in your diet are broken down and what their building blocks are.

a. Digestion, a series of chemical reactions occurring in your bodies that break the bonds that hold food molecules together. b. Metabolism are all the chemical reactions that occur in the body i. Catabolic reactions break down larger structures into smaller ones (bond breaking) ii. Anabolic reactions build new structures from smaller subunits (bond building) iii. Requires the assistance of helper molecules called enzymes Metabolism starts at the mouth with saliva and continues throughout the digestive system What process breaks down the macronutrients in our food into their building blocks? Where does this process take place? (Hint: it may occur in more than one place.) 2. Describe how the building blocks of macronutrients are reassembled and what some of their functions are in our cells. Anabolic reactions build new structures from smaller subunits Where are the macromolecule building blocks reassembled into new macromolecules? How do building blocks arrive at that location? In enzymes Summarize the breakdown, reassembly and functions of macronutrients by completing the following table: Macromolecule Carbohydrate

Broken down into? Reassembled into? Simple sugars

Protein

Amino acids

Fats

Fatty acids and glycerol

3. Define what an essential nutrient is. 1. An essential nutrient (choose all that are correct): a. Can be added to foods. b. Can be found naturally in certain foods.

Function in cell? Used to build cellsurface makers, energy storage molecules Assemble new proteins that have many different functions in the body Build molecules that form cell membranes. To assemble the phospholipids that make up cell membranes

c. Can be manufactured in the body if sufficient subunits of macronutrients are available. d. Has no effect on the health of an individual. Related Vocabulary Define each term; illustrate as appropriate; note the similarities and differences between terms.  Ready-to-use-therapeutic food (RUTF): foods that contain all the nutrients necessary  Starch:  Starvation  Malnutrition: A medical condition resulting from the lack of essential nutrients in the diet

Driving Question 3: What are enzymes and how do they work? Why should you care? Without enzymes to speed the rate of chemical reactions, complex life could not exist. Missing or malfunctioning enzymes lie at the heart of many diseases and syndromes, including PKU (see the warning labels on foods containing Nutrasweet) and Tay-Sachs disease. When we digest food chemically, we rely on a number of different digestive enzymes, each of which targets a specific macromolecule or group of molecules. In one of the first stages of digestion, for example, the enzymes in our saliva start breaking down complex carbohydrates; they can’t, however, break down proteins. Enzymes from the pancreas take on that job when food arrives in the small intestine. What should you know? To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to: 1. Compare and contrast the ways in which enzymes facilitate catabolic and anabolic reactions. 2. Predict the effect that an enzyme has on the activation energy of a reaction. 3. Explain the role of micronutrients in enzyme function. Infographic Focus: The infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6. Test Your Vocabulary: Match the following definitions to the terms they describe: [CATABOLIC REACTION] break down larger structures into smaller ones (bond breaking [ANABOLIC REACTION] build new structures from smaller subunits (bond building) [METABOLISM]: All the chemical reactions occurring in the body [ENZYME] helper molecules: protein that speeds up a chemical reaction [CATALYSIS] the process of speeding up the rate of a chemical reaction [SUBSTRATE] molecule to which an enzyme binds and on which it acts [ACTIVE SITE] part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate [ACTIVATION ENERGY] energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed [MINERAL] inorganic elements required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance [MICRONUTRIENTS] nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health [VITAMIN] organic molecules required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance [COFACTOR] inorganic micronutrients required to activate an enzyme (minerals) [COENZYME] small organic molecules required to activate enzymes 1. Compare and contrast the ways in which enzymes facilitate catabolic and anabolic reactions.

The enzyme takes the carbohydrate link and breaks the links of substrates that are broken into simple sugars. Resulting products are released from the enzyme then the enzyme is ready to be used again. List the similarities in the steps by which enzymes facilitate catabolic and anabolic chemical reactions. Takes amino acids and binds the bonds between them to form a muscle protein. List the differences in the steps by which enzymes facilitate catabolic and anabolic reactions. -For a catabolic reaction where bonds are broken, first the substrates bind to the active site of a specific enzyme. The active site of the enzyme changes shape, stressing the bond, and thereby making it easier to break. Then the substrate bond breaks and the resulting products are released from the enzyme and it’s ready to be used again -For an Anabolic reaction where bonds are created, first the substrate binds to the active site of a specific enzyme. The active site of the enzyme changes shape, which orients the substrates so they can bind to one another. This facilitates bonding. The enzyme is ready to be used again. 2. Predict the effect that an enzyme has on the activation energy of a reaction. Which reaction would have the lowest activation energy for an enzyme that binds its substrate only in the presence of a cofactor? a. Substrate + Enzyme  Product * b. Substrate  Product c. Substrate + Cofactor  Product d. Substrate + Enzyme + Cofactor  Product 3. Explain the role of micronutrients in enzyme function. a. nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health b. Minerals act as cofactors : inorganic micronutrients required to activate an enzyme c. Vitamins act as coenzymes : small organic molecules required to activate enzymes Why do enzymes need micronutrients in order to do their jobs? They activate them. Neurons need sodium, potassium, and calcium to fire a nerve impulse Related Vocabulary Define each term; illustrate as appropriate; note the similarities and differences between terms.  Potassium: mineral. Electrolyte balance muscle contraction, nerve function.  Iron: Iron binds oxygen in your blood. It is an important part of hemoglobin in your red blood cells!  Vitamin C: helps with formation and maintenance of collagen and blood vessels, high levels in the immune system, aids in the conversion of fats to energy  Vitamin A:

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Zinc: Iodine: Calcium: bone and teeth formation blood clotting

Driving Question 4: What are the consequences of a diet lacking sufficient nutrients? Why should you care? One of the most important things you can do to insure your long-term health and fitness is to eat a balanced diet that (1) provides the nutrients you need in appropriate amounts; (2) supplies adequate (but not too many) calories; and (3) minimizes foods that increase your risk of developing long-term conditions such as diabetes, osteoporosis and heart disease. When your regular diet lacks sufficient nutrients, your body cannot preform necessary tasks efficiently or at all. What should you know? To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to: 1. Describe how vitamins and minerals have essential functions and if not consumed in proper amounts, the effect it has on the body. Infographic Focus: The infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are 4.1, 4.6, 4.7 and Table 4.1. 1. Describe how vitamins and minerals have essential functions and if not consumed in proper amounts, the effect it has on the body. -Vitamins and minerals have essential functions in the human body. -Calcium assists in bone and teeth formation. With none, one would get osteoporosis, with too much we would have kidney stones. -iron assists in carrying oxygen throughout the body, components of hemoglobin in red blood cell count. With too much , one can have constipation List three vitamins and three minerals that are essential for proper body function. Calcium, iron, potassium, vitamin c, vitamin d, vitamin a Pick one vitamin and one mineral you listed above and describe the effect a lack of said vitamin and mineral would have on your health. calcium: kidney stones Vitamin c: diarrhea, nausea Is it safe to take a supplement that promises 500% of your daily need for vitamin B12? Why or why not? No, too much vitamin b12 can cause damage to the optic nerve Is it safe to take a supplement that promises 500% of your daily need for vitamin D? Why or why not? No too much of any vitamin is bad for you. Too much vitamin D can lead to nausea and vomiting 2. Compare and contrast a diet lacking nutrients for a child in a middle class American family versus a child in a poverty stricken Malawi family. Child in a middle class American family would most likely have lack of vitamin d. a child in a poverty stricken Malawi family would be lacking vitamin c. Think about the typical middle class American child’s diet. In your opinion, what does that diet look like?

A middle class American child’s diet would be grains, meats, assorted veggies, assorted fruits and fatty foods. Think about the typical child from a poverty stricken Malawi family. What does that diet look like? The diet lacks a lot of foods, food such as meats, veggies and fruits. They go a lot of time without food and their diet is limited. Nutrient deficiencies exist in both diets. Compare and contrast what you think those deficiencies are and why they exist. The deficiency that middle class Americans face is many lack vitamin c. Many Americans eat unhealthy with a very bad diet consisting of too many sugars and salts. Related Vocabulary Define each term; illustrate as appropriate; note the similarities and differences between terms.  Project Peanut Butter- Studies show that significantly more children recover when treated at home with peanut butter– based RUTF compared to a corn/soy flour diet or their regular diet supplemented with a small amount of the RUTF supplement.  BioCassava Plus:...