Exam 4 Study Guide PDF

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Study Guide for non-cumulative final exam...

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EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE Chapter 13- Family and Religion -

Family : A social institution found in all societies a) unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children

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Nuclear Family: A family composed of one or two parents and their children

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Extended Family: A family composed of parents and children as well as other kin

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Concept of a Marriage: A legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing

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Monogamy: Marriage that unites two partners

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Polygamy: -Marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses

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Religion: A social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred

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Concept of Sacred: Things set apart as extraordinary; inspiring awe and reverence

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Concept of Profane: An ordinary part of everyday life

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Structural-Functional theory of Religion

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Religion contributes to the operation of society

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Functions of Religion a) Establishing social cohesion, promoting social control, providing meaning and purpose

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What is the Social-Conflict theory of Religion a) Religion supports social inequality

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Symbolic-Interactionist theory of Religion

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-Religion is socially constructed

Chapter 14- Education, Health and Medicine -

Education: The social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values

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Schooling: Formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers

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Structural-Functional theory of Schooling a) Schooling supports the operation and stability of society

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Functions of Schooling

-Socialization -Cultural innovation -Social integration -Social placement -Latent functions -

Social-Conflict theory of Schooling a) Schooling causes and perpetuates social inequality

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Symbolic-Interactionist theory of Schooling a) Stereotypes can shape what goes on in the classroom

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Medicine a) The social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health

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Health: A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

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Influence of society of health a) Cultural patterns define health, cultural standards of health change over time, a society’s technology affects people’s health, social inequality affects people’s health

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Euthanasia: Assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease

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Holistic Medicine a) An approach to health care that emphasizes the prevention of illness and takes into account a person’s entire physical and social environment

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Foundations of Holistic health care a) Treat patients as people, encourage responsibility, provide personal treatment

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Socialized Medicine a) A medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians (e.g. China, Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, Canada)

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Direct-fee system of Medicine a) A medical care system in which patients pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals (e.g. The United States)

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Structural-Functional theory of Medicine a) Is society’s strategy to keep its members healthy and illness is dysfunctional because it reduces people’s abilities to perform their roles

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Social-Conflict theory of Medicine a) Patterns of health can be related to social inequality

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Symbolic-Interactionist theory of Medicine a) Health and medical care are socially constructed by people in everyday interaction

Chapter 15- Population, Urbanization and Environment -

Demography a) The study of human population

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Fertility a) The incidence of childbearing in a country’s population

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Mortality a) The incidence of death in a country’s population

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Migration a) The movement of people into and out of a specified territory

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Malthusian theory of population growth a) Population would increase in a geometric progression, illustrated by the series of numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and so on b) production would increase only in an arithmetic progression (as in the series 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and so on) c) Hence, people would reproduce beyond what the planet could feed, leading ultimately to widespread starvation and war over what resources were left

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Demographic Transition theory of population growth a) Population patterns are linked to a society’s level of technological development

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Stages in the Demographic Transition theory of population growth a) 4 stages (see below) 1) First stage in the Demographic Transition theory of population growth 

High birth rates because of the economic value of children and the absence of birth control

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High death rates due to low living standards and limited medical technology

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Population rises and falls only slightly over time

2) Second stage in the Demographic Transition theory of population growth 

Death rates fall due to greater food supplies and scientific medicine

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Birth rates remain high

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Result is rapid population growth

3) Third stage in the Demographic Transition theory of population growth 

Birth rate drops because most children survive to adulthood, so fewer are needed

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High living standards make raising children expensive and smaller families are favored by women working outside the home

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Death rates continue to remain downward

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The result is curbing of population growth

4) Fourth stage in the Demographic Transition theory of population growth 

The birth rate keeps falling because dual-income couples gradually become the norm and the cost of raising and schooling children continues to increase

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Steady death rates continue

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Result is that population grows only very slowly or even decreases

Urbanization a) The concentration of population into cities

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Concept of Suburbs a) Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city

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Urbanism: A way of life

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Ferdinand Tonnies’ theory of urbanism a) Gemeinschaft (community): A type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition

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Gesellschaft (association): A type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest

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Emile Durkheim’s theory of urbanism a) Mechanical solidarity: Traditional rural life where social bonds are based on common sentiments and shared moral values -

Organic solidarity: Urban life where social bonds are based on specialization and interdependence

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George Simmel’s theory of urbanism a) Urban life shapes individual experience; b) urbanites develop a blasé attitude (an attitude of detachment) where they keep their distance as a survival strategy so that they can focus their time and energy on the people and things that really matter to them

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Chicago school’s theory of urbanism a) The city is a setting with a large, dense and socially diverse population; these traits result in an impersonal, superficial and transitory way of life where people know each other not in terms of who they are but what they do

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Urban Ecology a) The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities

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Ecology a) The study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment

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Logic of growth a) Progress can lead to unexpected problems, including strain on the environment

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Limits to Growth thesis a) Humanity must put in place policies to control the growth of population, production and the use of resources in order to avoid environmental collapse

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Environmental Racism a) A way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations

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Ecologically sustainable culture

a) Patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities to environmental hazards

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Baby Boomers a) After WWII b) 1946-1964

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Graying of America a) Aging population

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Global Aging a) #1 Issue

b) Everyone will be effected -

Dependency Ratio 1:1 a) In the year 2025 (but not in the U.S., but Italy for sure) b) 1 person paying social security for 1 elderly person c) Used to be 5:1

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Social Contract a) I put money in social security and when I retired at 65, the government will take care of me. They will provide me with many services because I am elderly.

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Two Force of Global Aging a) 1) Fertility Rate 1) Must have 2.2 children to replace those who are dying b) 2) Living Longer 1) Social security was created for it to start at 65 and end when people died at 69 (that’s not the case anymore)

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The Inversion of the Age Pyramid a) More elderly than young

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Solutions: a) Extended family model: take-in your parents b) Raise taxes c) Borrow money d) Cut expenses/Resources 1) Leads to a decrease in standard of living e) Combination of all these sources

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5 Challenges: (know 2-3 bullets for each challenge) a) 1)Fiscal- budgetary, declining support ratio, need to plan long term support b) 2) Labor- number of workers available to support each pensioner declining c) 3) Growth- will require more because they’re living longer, less saving, will need more infrastructure d) 4) Financial- market crash (take their money out of the stock market), unsustainable borrowing e) 5) Geo-political- developing countries have pressure to expand (In Russia women are being paid to have children)

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World Population a) Will reach 9 billion by 2050 (more so 2043)

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In 1950 there were 12 working-age people for everyone over 65 a) By 2050 there will be 3:1

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Empire come and go a) The U.S. has never known anything but the top

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U.S. a) Advantages: 1) Youngest population 2) Somewhat stable social security b) Disadvantages: 1) Most expensive healthcare system 2) Unsustainable budget 3) Large gaps in pension coverage 4) An enriched “entitlement ethos”

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Retirement a) You get an office party b) When you receive a gold watch, it signifies that your time is up (20th century) 1) They expect you to get your stuff and leave

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Activity Theory a) Symbolic Interaction 1) We need to keep retirees active b/c then they have value

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Active  healthy  less us of medicare

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It’s better for society

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If they’re not active they use up more resources

Resources a) 1) Social security b) 2) Medicare: health care benefits for Americans over 65 c) 3) Medicaid: health care for the poor 1) Medicare doesn’t cover nursing homes but Medicaid does

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Spend Down a) Spend your money so you qualify for Medicaid to put your spouse in a nursing home 1) Nursing homes cost $30-$40,000

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Centarians a) 72,000 currently b) 500,000 by 2025 c) 1,000,000 by 2050

Old-oldest d) The elderly e) The majority of elder abuse is perpetrated by family members (esp. children) -

AARP (American Association of Retired Persons) a) Largest circulating magazine in the U.S. b) Revamped the magazine in an active, upbeat, cool way

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Families who have dinner together fewer than 3x per week are more likely to use tobacco, substance abuse, and depression

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In 2008 41% of all births were to un-wed Mothers

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Characteristics of a healthy family: a) 1) Commitment b) 2) Togetherness c) 3) Appreciation d) 4) Good communication e) 5) Spiritual well-being f) 6) Having effective coping skills

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Type of relationships: a) Exogamy: marrying outside of social class or group b) Monogamy: one spouse 1) Serial monogamy: more than on spouse but not at the same time c) Homogamy: similar social and economic background d) Polygamy: 2 or more spouses 1) Polygny: one man has multiple wives 2) Plyandry: one wife has multiple husbands (very rare) e) Endogamy: within social class or group f) Matrifocal: societies are designed so women occupy a central position in society

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Top Six Characteristics for Spouse: a) Age b) Education c) Social Class d) Religion e) Race f) Physical Characteristics

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Ban of interracial marriages was lifted in 1967

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Births to unmarried Mothers a) 5-6% in 1960 b) 41% today 1) 72% black 2) 52% Hispanics 3) 29% whites c) 35% in 1995 d) Sign of change in family structure and social dysfunction of the family e) Implications: 1) Childhood 

Grow up in a single household

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Instability in living arrangements

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More likely to live in poverty

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More likely to have socio-economic problems

2) Adolescence 

Low education attainments

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Engage in sex at young ages  teen pregnancies

3) Adulthood

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More likely to be idol

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Lower occupational prestige and income

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More likely to divorce

Millennial Weddings a) 1981-2000 b) NetGen or EcoGen c) Symbolic Interaction: look at micro level 1) Open to new family relationships, interracial dating, and gay marriages d) Weddings reflect the couple’s lifestyles and interests 1) Themed weddings 2) Less formal 3) Eco friendly 4) Customize engagement rings

Functionalist Theory: e) Main functions of the family: 1) Reproduction

2) Physical, emotional, and economic security 3) Primary socialization into the norms and values of society 4) Regulation of sexual activity 5) Providing a place of position in society -

Family Abuse a) Spend $6 billion in medical costs for domestic abuse b) Family dysfunction

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Conflict Theory a) After the industrial revolution women could work, earn a living, and then divorce b) Power shifted from a patriarchal society c) Weddings 1) Exploitation of workers

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Divorce can be a function of the family via functionalist theory a) Way out for abuse victims

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Teenage Pregnancies via Symbolic Interaction a) How did the parents regulate sexual activity?

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Longitudinal Surveys: a) Look at people over long periods of time using the same survey

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In 2010, 48% said marriage is becoming obsolete a) The definition of family is much more broad than when asked in the 60s b) People are waiting longer to get married

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Conflict Free Diamonds a) In Africa people are treated brutally when digging for diamonds b) You can choose a diamond not harvested in that area

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Social Structure in the Family a) 1) Courtship b) 2) Marriage c) 3) Children d) 4) Retirement

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In 1950s, 47% of families were traditional nuclear families a) Today its 27% b) More likely to be single-parent or blended

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Courtship a) Seeking the affection of an individual with the hopes of creating a long-term relationship

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Average length between divorce and re-marriage is 3 ½ years a) Chances of re-marrying are best under the age of 25

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Matchmaking a) More arranged marriages than love marriages

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Online Dating a) 5% of all marriages are eharmony matches b) 75% of Americans will use an online dating service

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Marriage

a) One element that has stayed stable b) Incentive to marry: marriage and tax benefits 1) But now those benefits are awarded to same-sex couples 

But many medical laws still prohibit gay couples

c) Although laws are changing, most people still marry 1) Why? 

Love and companionship

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Desire to form a family

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Money or financial security

d) 60% of marriages world-wide are arranged (love marriages are a minority) 1) Have higher compatibility ratings 2) Divorce rate are lower (but it’s taboo, so it prevents it) 3) Japan has traditionally had arranged marriages 

But now they want to have “western weddings”

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Religion is not practiced

4) Benefits: 

Economic and social necessities for families

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Compatibility is higher o Love is based on temporal feelings (it fades)

5) Negative Aspects: 

Child Brides

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In many ways is child abuse

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10 year old girl from Yemen wanted a divorce from 30 year old husband

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100 million girls will marry before 18 

In America average age for marring is 26 for girls and 28 for boys

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77% are under 18 in Niger

Arranged because of: poverty, to clear a debt, resolve a family feud, trying to maintain daughter’s virginity

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NOT about the individual (the daughter) o It’s about what’s best for the families

Family a) Nuclear: parent’s w/kids b) Extended: parents, grandparents, and kids 1) Rely on kinship

Gender Ideology c) 1) traditional- husband works, wife doesn’t (the old model) d) 2) egalitarian- spouses share financial and emotional responsibilities e) 3) transitional- both work, but the husband still expects the wife to be a homemaker, and the wife expects the husband to be egalitarian ( conflict) 1) The women’s “second shift” or “double day” f) Prepare: pre-marital assessment 1) Reliable and valid questionnaire 2) Get the results and then go through counseling g) 21% of men do household chores

1) Women do 51% daily -

Family Structure and Parenting a) Childless/Childfree Families 1) Biologically unable to have children (15%) 2) Voluntarily not having children 

Why? o Education 

If mother didn’t obtain a high-level of education or has obtained a doctorate

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20% for white

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17% black/Hispanic

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16% Asian

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Social Attitudes have changed 

41% of couples say you don’t have to have children to be happily married

b) Parenting Styles 1) 1) Authoritarian- strict control 2) 2) Permissive- freedom and choice 3) 3) Authoritative- middle ground 4) 4) Neglectful- absence/low level of involvement 5) 5) Helicopter Parent- overly protectiv...