BIO-UT2 - Unit test for biology PDF

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GENERAL BIOLOGY UNIT TEST 2 Fuentes

Females - fallopian  tubes have 

t hat

help move the egg or embryo toward the uterus

Cell Structure and Their Functions

Pseudopodia

Flagella and Cilia

(singular: pseudopodium )

(singular: flagellum, cilium r espectively) -

appendages

responsible

for

the

locomotion of cells; allow movement -

locomotive specialized

action

is

due

●

-

extension

Pseudopodia

are

powered

by

microfilaments near the cellular

of

microtubules

cytoplasmic

which literally means 'false foot’

to

arrangement

temporary

membrane. -

contains

Microtubules in the axoneme

both

and 

.

have an arrangement of 9+2

(ex. Half of the internal space in an

(which means there are 

amoeba contains microfilaments

outer doublet microtubules ) ●

The axoneme is connected to the basal body (which is identical to the centriole)

-

both have a central core (axoneme) which is surrounded by an extension of the cell membrane

Microvilli

Flagella - moves in whiplike manner

(singular: microvillus )

(ex. Euglena, a protist)

-

Cilia - require power and recovery strokes (ex. Paramecium, a protist)

cell membrane -

Males - sperm  cells have 

mainly increase the surface area of the cell

In humans , the flagella and cilia are -

important in reproduction

specialized finger-like folds in the

enable

cell

several

and location of the cell) -

can also be found on the surfaces of a  nd 



perform

functions (depending on the type

that

enable them to swim



to



(ex. Microvilli in epithelial cells increase the ability of the internal surface of the animal intestine to absorb nutrients from food)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum -

when ribosomes are attached to the ER, it gives a rough appearance

-

produces proteins w  hich, in most cases, move to the Golgi apparatus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

for

(plural: endoplasmic reticula )

distribution

-

membrane-bound

forms a network of interconnected

tract break down food; without them,

sacs

digestion is impossible)

cisterna

(plural:

in between its membranes is the

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum -

lumen or cisternal space -

and

(ex. Enzymes in pancreas and digestive

cisternae) -

packaging,

that

called

organelle

modification,

membrane of the ER is connected to

the ER, its appearance is smooth -

the nuclear envelope; runs through

produces lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol of the cell membrane can

cytoplasm; may extend into cell membrane

when ribosomes are not present in

come from these) -

detoxifies cell of certain substances

Phospholipids m  ake up bilipid layer of cell membrane Cholesterol r egulates the cell membrane’s fluidity

 2



Transport Across the Cell Membrane

→ Facilitated Diffusion - 

Passive Transport - does not require

are needed to move molecules from an area

energy or ATP (adenosine triphosphate);

of greater concentration to an area of lesser

movement of molecules from higher to

concentration; (ex. 

lower concentration

are transported toward the cell via facilitated

→ Simple Diffusion - molecules follow

diffusion)

down the concentration gradient; molecules

Transport Proteins

move from an area of greater concentration

●

and

Carrier proteins - change their

to an area of lesser concentration

shape to transfer molecules; their

Ex. Oxygen is constantly used by the

enclosure prevents hydrophilic or

different cells in the body; thus it has to be

charged molecule to interact with the

diffused through the lungs and into the

nonpolar part of the cell membrane

blood vessels 3

Molecular

● Properties

that

Channel

Influence

Diffusion : 1. Size - Small particles easily enter

a

some are large and allow hydrophilic molecules

○

some are small and allow ions to pass; movement is

2. Polarity - 

faster than in carrier proteins

molecules travel across the cell

since there is no need for a

membrane with relative ease since

change in protein shape (ion

the bilipid layer is also nonpolar;

channels )

difficulty to move across the lipid bilayer

(ex.

O 2

and 

CO2

are

nonpolar ) 3. Charge - Charged particles of any size have difficulty crossing the membrane;

even

sodium

and

potassium ions cross the membrane through means other than diffusion

3

create

molecules)

hydrophilic polar molecules will have



-

 path through the bilayer ○

CO 2 and exit the cell (ex. O 2 and 

proteins



as

Animal cells shrink when placed in a

; water molecules move

hypertonic environment ( higher solute

from an area of higher water concentration

concentration and fewer water molecules)

(more water molecules) to an area of lesser

because net movement of water is going out

water concentration (fewer water molecules)

of the cell

→

Osmosis

-

sometimes

known

Cells remain the same in size when Environment

of

Cell

Depending

on

because there is no net movement of water

Concentrate of the Solute ●

●

●

●

immersed in an isotonic environment

Isotonic - solute concentration is

Plant cells have cell walls which provide

equal to that of the cell

additional support and protection, thus

Hypotonic - solute concentration is

reacting differently when placed in solutions

lower than that of the cell

with different solute concentrations.

Hypertonic - solute concentration is

A plant cell immersed in a hypotonic

higher than that of the cell

environment expands and becomes turgid

Concentration Gradient - process

(swollen and congested)

of particles (solutes)  a solution or gas from an area with a

Active and Bulk Transport

higher number of particles to an area

→ Active Transport:

; the

●

-

molecules move from an area of low

areas are typically separated by a

concentration to an area of high

membrane.

concentration

Equilibrium

-

requires ATP

-

allows uptake of nutrients from the external environment even if there are higher amounts of these inside the cell

Animal cells expand and burst when placed in a hypotonic environment ( lower solute

concentration

and

more

water

-

allows secretions and wastes to exits

the

cell

even

if

the

molecules) because net movement of water

concentration outside is higher than

is going into the cell

concentration inside the cell

 4



-

●

sodium-potassium exchange during -

impulse transmission in the nerve

found in the pit coated with clathrin (it

cell is made possible

Receptor-mediated

covers

molecules

when

the

receptors are triggered) -

takes up low-density lipoprotein

→ Bulk Transport: Endocytosis - large substances can be Exocytosis - opposite of endocytosis

taken by the cell 1 

molecules at the exterior of the cell

 portion of the cell membrane

portion of cell membrane pinches

off and forms

e  ndocytic vesicle

which is covered by the endocytic

-

with

cell

membrane,

releasing its content out of the cell into the environment 3

 vesicle

becomes

part

of

5

cell

membrane is oriented outward

membrane

(ex. Hormones are released by endocrine glands using exocytosis)

Phagocytosis

the cell (phagocyte) engulfs large solid objects (may be in the form of

Cell Types According to the Kingdoms

large molecules)

where they belong

called cell eating

1. Kingdom

cells

in

-

capable

of

photosynthesis

Pinocytosis take

Plantae

small fluid

drops from

of the

Chlorophyll - green pigment; found in chloroplast ( a plastid)

environment

Cartenoid - class of accessory pigments

called cell drinking

responsible for yellow, orange, red colors; found in chromoplast ( a plastid)



the

Invagination - inward folding of the

extracurricular

-

fuses

membrane; inner surface of the vesicle

● -

 vesicle

membrane

● -

toward the cell membrane 2

progressively invaginates 3

products to be excreted from the cell are

first encased in a vesicle which then move

move close to the cell membrane 2

1 



Plastids

-

organelles

responsible

for

pigment synthesis and storage Cytoplasmic streaming - flow of cytosol in the cell

Sarcodina - move by pseudopodia Ciliophora - “ by using cilia Sarcomastigophora - “ using flagella Sporozoa - do not have locomotory structures 5. Kingdom Monera - one of the groups

2. Kingdom Fungi - cells cannot make their own food; have a cell wall (composed

of

chitin ,

a

polysaccharide like cellulose)

body’s framework Chondrocyte - cell that makes up your cartilage

gives

flexible

support to your body Neuron - nerve cell; transmits impulses throughout your body and helps you sense things around you Epithelial Cells - squamous if flattened in appearance; cuboidal i f it appears as a square or cube; columnar if it is shaped like a rectangle (provide protection, aid in secretion, and absorption) 4. Kingdom

Protista

unicellular include

the

protozoon ) ;

- protists are

organisms;

members

protozoa

(singular:

divided

into

groups

based on locomotory structure of their cells

 6

Cocci (singular: coccus ) - circular

Spirilla (singular: spirillum ) - spiral

Osteocyte - bone cell; your bones are your

your

using their shape

Bacilli (singular: bacillus ) - rod-like

3. Kingdom Animalia

cartilage;

is eubacteria; which are described...